Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: u̯reg-, and u̯erg-? 'to drag, push, drive, thrust'
Semantic Field(s): to Draw, Pull, to Push, Shove, to Drive
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | wræc | n.neut | wrack, misery, punishment | W7 |
| wræc-lāst | n.str.masc | path of exile, lit. misery track | LRC | |
| wrecan, wræc, wræcon, wrecen | vb.str.V | to wreak, drive, force | LRC | |
| wrecca | n.wk.masc | wretch, exile, outcast | LRC | |
| Middle English: | rak | n | rack | W7 |
| wrack | n | wrack | W7 | |
| wrecche | n | wretch | W7 | |
| wrek | n | wreck | W7 | |
| wreken | vb | to wreak | W7 | |
| English: | gasket | n | line/band used to lash furled sail | AHD/W7 |
| rack | n | high wind-driven mass of clouds | AHD/W7 | |
| urge | vb | to demand/present/advocate earnestly/pressingly | AHD/W7 | |
| wrack | n | ruin, destruction | AHD/W7 | |
| wreak | vb.trans | to avenge, take vengeance | AHD/W7 | |
| wreck | n | something cast up on land after shipwreck | AHD/W7 | |
| wretch | n | profoundly unhappy/miserable/unfortunate person | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | wreka | vb | to drive, press | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | wrecan | vb | to wreak, punish | ASD |
| Old High German: | rehhan, rechan | vb | to wreak, punish | ASD/W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | rek | n | wreck | W7 |
| Icelandic: | reka | vb | to wreak, drive | ASD |
| Swedish: | rak | n | wreck | W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | urgeo, urgēre | vb | to urge, drive on | W7 |
| French: | garcette | n.fem | braided whip used to punish | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | vragъ | n.masc | enemy | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| V | = | class 5 |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
