Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. ad- 'to fix, put in order'
Semantic Field(s): to Restore
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ad | n | law, custom, ceremony | IEW |
| adas | adj | proper, befitting | IEW | |
| Welsh: | addas | adj | fitting, suitable | IEW |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | til | adj | good, useful, capable, suitable | IEW |
| til | n.neut | use, service, convenience | ASD | |
| til | prep | til, for | IEW | |
| Middle English: | til(l) | prep | til | W2I |
| English: | til(l) | prep/conj | until, toward | W2I |
| until | prep/conj | to, before, up to | W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | til | prep | til, for | ASD |
| Dutch: | tot | prep/conj | until | TLL |
| Old High German: | zil | n | aim, purpose | ASD |
| German: | Ziel | n.neut | aim, purpose | ASD |
| zielen | vb | to take aim | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | til | adv | too, very | LRC |
| til | prep | til, in, of, for | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | tilr | adj | good, useful | GED |
| Danish: | indtil | conj | til | TLL |
| til | prep | til, on | TLL | |
| Swedish: | till | prep | til, on | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | til | adj | fitting, suitable | GED |
| til | n | chance, opportunity | IEW | |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | *adio-, arsie | adj | pure, holy, sacred, divine | IEW |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
