Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ā̆g̑her-, ā̆g̑hen-, ā̆g̑hes-, or ō̆g̑her etc. 'day, dawn'
Semantic Field(s): Day
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) | 
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ān-daga | n.wk.masc | fixed day | GED | 
| dæg | n.str.masc | day; (name for) D-rune | GED | |
| daga | n.masc | day | ASD | |
| dagi(g)an | vb | to dawn | ASD/W7 | |
| dagung | vb.ptc/n.fem | dawning, daybreak | ASD/W7 | |
| dōgor, dōger | n.str.neut | day | ASD/GED | |
| frīgedæg, frigdæg | n.masc | Friday, lit. Freya's day | ASD/W7 | |
| gebyrd-dæg | n.str.masc | birthday | CDC | |
| mōnandæg | n.masc | Monday, lit. Moon day | W7 | |
| sæter(n)dæg, sæter(n)esdæg | n.masc | Saturday, lit. Saturn day | ASD/W7 | |
| sunnandæg | n.masc | Sunday, lit. Sun day | W7 | |
| tīwesdæg | n.masc | Tuesday, lit. Tiw's day | W7 | |
| þunresdæg | n.masc | Thursday, lit. Thor's day | W7 | |
| wōdnesdæg | n.masc | Wednesday, lit. Woden's day | W7 | |
| Northumbrian: | dǣg | n.str.neut | day | GED | 
| Middle English: | aday | adv | at midday | MEV | 
| aldai | adv | all day | MEV | |
| birthdai, bitheday | n | birthday | CDC | |
| dawnen | vb | to dawn | W7 | |
| daw(n)ing | vb.ptc | dawning | W7 | |
| day | n | day | W7 | |
| Friday | prop.n | Friday, lit. Freya's day | W7 | |
| Monday | prop.n | day named for the Moon | W7 | |
| Saterday | prop.n | day named for Saturn: Roman agriculture god | W7 | |
| Sunday | prop.n | day named for the Sun | W7 | |
| Thursday | prop.n | day named for Thor: Germanic thunder god | W7 | |
| Tiwesday | prop.n | day named for Tiw: Germanic war/sky god | W7 | |
| Wednesday | prop.n | day named for Woden: Germanic chief god | W7 | |
| Whitsonday | prop.n | Whitsunday | W7 | |
| English: | birthday | n | day/anniversary of one's birth | W7 | 
| daily | adj/adv | every day | W7 | |
| daisy | n | familiar wild Eurasian plant/flower | AHD/CDC | |
| dawn | n | sunlight's first appearance in morning | AHD/W7 | |
| dawn | vb.intrans | (for sunlight) to appear in morning | AHD/W7 | |
| day | n | time of sun's light between nights | AHD/W7 | |
| Friday | prop.n | day between Thursday and Saturday | AHD/W7 | |
| midday | n | noon, middle part of day | W7 | |
| Monday | prop.n | day between Sunday and Tuesday | AHD/W7 | |
| Saturday | prop.n | day between Friday and Sunday | AHD/W7 | |
| Sunday | prop.n | day between Saturday and Monday | AHD/W7 | |
| Thursday | prop.n | day between Wednesday and Friday | AHD/W7 | |
| today | adv/n | (on/for) this day | AHD/W7 | |
| Tuesday | prop.n | day between Monday and Wednesday | AHD/W7 | |
| Wednesday | prop.n | day between Tuesday and Thursday | AHD/W7 | |
| Whitsunday | prop.n | Pentecost, lit. white Sunday | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | dei, di, dach | n.str.masc | day | ASD/GED | 
| mōna(n)dei | n | Monday | ASD | |
| sāterdei | n.masc | Saturday | ASD/W7 | |
| werusdei | n.masc | Wednesday | ASD | |
| Frisian: | dey | n.masc | day | ASD | 
| Middle Dutch: | woensdach | n.masc | Wednesday | ASD | 
| Dutch: | dag | n.masc | day | ASD | 
| dāgen | vb | to dawn | ASD | |
| zon-dag | n | Sunday | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | dag | n.str.masc | day | GED | 
| ēn-dago | n.wk.masc | lit. death-day | GED | |
| Old Low German: | sunnun-dag | n | Sunday | ASD | 
| Middle Low German: | sūke-dage | n.wk.masc | sickness, lit. sick-day | GED | 
| Low German: | dag | n.masc | day | ASD | 
| Old High German: | Dagi-bert | prop.n | Dagibert | GED | 
| frīatag | n.masc | Friday, lit. Freya's day | W7 | |
| gaburti-tago | n.wk.masc | lit. birth-day | GED | |
| mahal-tago | n.wk.masc | fixed day | GED | |
| mānatag, mānotag | n.masc | Monday | ASD/W7 | |
| siech-tage | n.wk.masc | sickness, lit. sick-day | GED | |
| sunnūntag | n.masc | Sunday | W7 | |
| tac, tag | n.str.masc | day | ASD/GED | |
| tagēn | vb | to dawn | ASD | |
| zīostag | n.masc | Tuesday | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | tac, tag | n.masc | day | ASD | 
| tagen | vb | to dawn | ASD | |
| ziestag | n.masc | Tuesday | ASD | |
| German: | Dienstag | n.masc | Tuesday | LRC | 
| Donnerstag | n.masc | Thursday | LRC | |
| Freitag | n.masc | Friday | LRC | |
| Geburtstag | n.masc | birthday | LRC | |
| Montag | n.masc | Monday | ASD | |
| Samstag | n.masc | Saturday | LRC | |
| Sonntag | n | Sunday | ASD | |
| Tag | n.masc | day | ASD | |
| tagen | vb | to dawn | ASD | |
| täglich | adj/adv | daily | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *dagaz | n | day; (name for) D-rune | LRC | 
| Old Norse: | Dagr | prop.n.masc | Day [personal name in Edda] | LRC | 
| ein-daga | n | fixed day | ASD | |
| ōþins-dagr | n.masc | Wednesday, lit. Odin's day | W7 | |
| þōrs-dagr | n.masc | Thursday, lit. Thor's day | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | dagr | n.str.masc | day | GED | 
| døgr, døgn | n.neut | half-day (12 hrs.) | GED | |
| ein-dagi | n.wk.masc | fixed day | GED | |
| māl-dagi | n.wk.masc | fixed day | GED | |
| Icelandic: | daga | vb | to dawn | ASD | 
| dagr | n.masc | day | ASD | |
| dægr, dœgr | n.neut | day | ASD | |
| mānadagr | n.masc | Monday | ASD | |
| oðinsdagr | n.masc | Wednesday | ASD | |
| sunnudagr | n | Sunday | ASD | |
| tȳsdagr | n.masc | Tuesday | ASD | |
| Danish: | dag | n.masc | day | ASD | 
| daget | vb.3.sg | (it) dawns | ASD | |
| mandag | n.masc | Monday | ASD | |
| Swedish: | dag | n.masc | day | ASD | 
| daga | vb | to dawn | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *afar-dags | n.str.masc | the following day | GED | 
| *Dagis-þius | prop.n | Dagisthius | GED | |
| dags | n.str.masc | day | GED | |
| fidur-dogs | adj | on the 4th day | GED | |
| Crimean Gothic: | tag | n | day | GED | 
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | azan- | n | day | GED | 
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | áhar, áhan-, áhas- | n | day | GED | 
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 3 | = | 3rd person | 
| adj | = | adjective | 
| adv | = | adverb(ial) | 
| fem | = | feminine (gender) | 
| intrans | = | intransitive | 
| masc | = | masculine (gender) | 
| n | = | noun | 
| neut | = | neuter (gender) | 
| prop | = | proper | 
| ptc | = | participle | 
| sg | = | singular (number) | 
| str | = | strong (inflection) | 
| vb | = | verb | 
| wk | = | weak (inflection) | 
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) | 
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) | 
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) | 
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) | 
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin | 
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) | 
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) | 
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) | 
