Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: agh- 'to ail, fear, be depressed'
Semantic Field(s): Fear, Fright, Sad
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ad-āgor | vb.1.sg | I fear | GED |
| āigthiu | vb.ua.n | terror | GED | |
| āl | adj | fearful | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | æge, e(i)ge | n.masc | awe, terror; sorrow | ASD/GED |
| eg(e)sa, ægsa, ege | n.masc | awe, fear, terror | ASD/CDC/GED | |
| eglan | vb.wk | to ail, afflict | ASD/W7 | |
| egle | adj | horrid, hateful, loathsome, troublesome | AHD/ASD | |
| eglian, elan | vb.wk | to ail, pain, grieve, trouble | ASD/GED | |
| ōga | n.masc | fright | GED | |
| ōht | n.str.fem | persecution | GED | |
| on-œgan | vb.wk | to fear | GED | |
| Middle English: | aw(e), agh(e), aze | n | awe | CDC/W7 |
| eghe, eye, ay(e), eze | n | fear | CDC | |
| eilen | vb | to ail | W7 | |
| English: | ail | vb | to give/suffer pain/unhealth | AHD/W7 |
| awe | n | dread, profound/reverent fear | AHD/W7 | |
| Óin | prop.n | dwarf in Tolkien: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | egiso | n.masc | awe, terror | GED |
| Middle Low German: | achte | n.str.fem | persecution | GED |
| egelen | vb | to annoy | W7 | |
| Old High German: | agis, egis | n.neut | horror | ASD |
| agi(so) | n.masc | awe, fear, terror | ASD/GED | |
| āhta | n.str.fem | persecution | GED | |
| akī | n.fem | awe, terror | GED | |
| egī | n.fem | awe, terror | GED | |
| egisa | n.fem | awe, terror | GED | |
| egis-līh | adj | awful, terrible | GED | |
| egiso, ekiso | n.masc | awe, terror | ASD/GED | |
| Middle High German: | ege | n.fem | awe, terror | ASD |
| egese, eise | n.fem | horror | ASD | |
| German: | ekeln | vb | to ail, trouble; be disgusted | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | agi | n | awe | AHD/W7 |
| ōgn | n.fem | awe, fright, terror | GED | |
| Óin | prop.n | Oin (Lay of Regin dwarf) | TPE | |
| ótti | n.masc | fear, dread | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | agi | n.masc | awe, terror; discipline | ASD/GED |
| ōast | vb.wk | to be afraid | GED | |
| œgishjālmr | n | fearful helmet (transformed Fafnir into dragon) | GED | |
| œgja | vb.wk | to frighten | GED | |
| Icelandic: | agi | n.masc | terror; discipline | ASD |
| Norwegian: | egse | n.neut | agitation | GED |
| Danish: | ave | n.masc/fem | awe, terror; discipline | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *af-agjan | vb.wk.I | to move, frighten | GED |
| *-agan | vb.ptpr.VI | to fear | GED | |
| agei | n.fem | awe, terror | ASD | |
| agis | n.str.neut | awe, fear, terror | GED | |
| *agls | adj | disgraceful | GED | |
| aglyan | vb | to molest | ASD | |
| *ogan | vb.ptpr | to fear | GED | |
| un-agein | adv | fearlessly | GED | |
| usagjan | vb.wk.I | to frighten, terrify | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἄχνυμαι | vb | to mourn, be troubled | GED |
| ἄχομαι | vb | to mourn, be sad | GED | |
| ἄχος | n | pain, sorrow | GED | |
| achos | n.neut | pain | W7 | |
| ἄχυμαι | vb | to mourn, be sad | GED | |
| ὄις | n | snake | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | áhiṣ | n | snake | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| I | = | class 1 |
| VI | = | class 6 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptpr | = | preterite-present (verb) |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| ua | = | used as |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TPE | = | Lee M. Hollander: The Poetic Edda (1962) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
