Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ag̑ro-s 'field, acre'
Semantic Field(s): Plain, Field, Field for Cultivation
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | æcer, æcyr | n.str.masc | acre | ASD/GED |
| Middle English: | acre, aker, akir | n | acre | CDC |
| agriculture | n | agriculture | AHD | |
| onager | n | wild ass | W7 | |
| pilgrim | n | pilgrim | W7 | |
| podagra | n | podagra | W7 | |
| staphisagre | n | stavesacre | W7 | |
| English: | acre | n | field, large area of land | AHD/W7 |
| agrarian | adj | re: fields/farmers | AHD/W7 | |
| agria | n | (type of) blow-fly | AHD | |
| agriculture | n | craft/science of farming/cultivation | AHD/W7 | |
| agro- | pfx | field(s), grass(es) | AHD | |
| agrostology | n | study of grasses | AHD | |
| onager | n | heavy catapult | AHD/W7 | |
| pellagra | n | a skin disease | AHD/W7 | |
| Peregrine | prop.n | hobbit a.k.a. Pippin in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| peregrine | adj | tending to wander | AHD/W7 | |
| pilgrim | n | one who journeys to holy place | AHD/W7 | |
| podagra | n | foot disease | AHD/W7 | |
| stavesacre | n | (seeds of) Eurasian larkspur | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ekker | n.str.masc | acre | GED |
| Dutch: | akker | n | acre | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | akkar | n.str.masc | acre | GED |
| Old High German: | achar, ackar, accar | n.str.masc | acre | CDC/GED |
| Middle High German: | acker | n | acre | CDC |
| German: | Acker | n.masc | acre | LRC |
| agrarisch | adj | agrarian | LRC | |
| Agrikultur | n.fem | agriculture | LRC | |
| Pilger | n.masc | pilgrim | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | akr | n | acre | ASD |
| Old Icelandic: | akrs | n.str.masc | acre | GED |
| Danish: | ager | n | acre | CDC |
| Swedish: | åker | n | acre | CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | akrs | n.masc | acre | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | ager, agrī | n.masc | acre, district, property | LRC |
| -agra | sfx | disease, sickness | W7 | |
| agrarius | adj | agrarian | W7 | |
| agrestis | adj | wild | GED | |
| agricultura | n.fem | agriculture | W7 | |
| onager | n.masc | wild donkey; war machine | W7 | |
| pereger | adj | being abroad | W7 | |
| peregrinus | adj/n.masc | foreign(er) | W7 | |
| podagra | n.fem | podagra | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | pelegrinus | n.masc | pilgrim | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | peregrinus | n.masc | pilgrim | W7 |
| Old French: | peligrin | n.masc | pilgrim | W7 |
| French: | agriculture | n.fem | agriculture | W7 |
| Italian: | pellagra | n.fem | pellagra | W7 |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἄγρη | n.fem | hunt, catch(ing) | GED/IEW |
| ἀγρός | n.masc | acre, farm | GED | |
| Greek: | ἄγρα | n.fem | hunt, catch(ing) | LS |
| ἀγραυλούνω | vb | to dwell in fields | LRC | |
| ἄγριος | adj | wild, savage, living in fields | GED | |
| agrōstis | n | (kind of) wild grass | AHD | |
| onagros | n.masc | wild donkey; war machine | W7 | |
| podagra | n.fem | podagra | W7 | |
| staphisagre | n | wild raisin | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | art | n | acre | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | *azrā | n | hunt | GED |
| azrō-daiðim | vb | to hunt, pursue, go out for prey | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ájras | n | plain, acre, flatland | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
