Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: agu̯(e)sī, aksī 'axe'
Semantic Field(s): Ax
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | acas(e) | n.fem | ax | ASD |
| æces, æcs(e) | n.str.fem | ax | GED | |
| æ(c)x, æsc, axe | n.str.fem | ax | ASD/GED | |
| Northumbrian: | acasa, acase | n | ax | CDC |
| Middle English: | ax(e), ex, æx | n | ax | CDC/W7 |
| English: | ax(e) | n | weapon, cutting tool | AHD/W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Dutch: | akes | n | ax | CDC |
| Dutch: | aks(e), aaks | n.fem | ax | ASD/CDC |
| Old Saxon: | ac(c)us | n.str.fem | ax | CDC/GED |
| Old High German: | ac(c)hus, ackus | n.str.fem | ax | ASD/GED |
| akis | n.str.fem | ax | GED | |
| Middle High German: | ackes, axt | n.fem | ax | ASD/CDC |
| German: | Axt | n.fem | ax, hatchet | ASD |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | öx | n.fem | ax | ASD |
| Old Icelandic: | ax | n.str.fem | ax | GED |
| øx | n.str.fem | ax | GED | |
| Icelandic: | öx(i) | n | ax | CDC |
| Danish: | ökse, öxe | n | ax | ASD/CDC |
| Swedish: | yxa | n | ax | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | aqizi | n.fem | ax | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | ascia | n.fem | ax (of carpenters/masons) | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἀξίνη | n.fem | ax, battle-axe | GED |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ates(sa)- | n | ax, adze, hatchet | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
