Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ai-dh-, i-dh-, nasalized i-n-dh- 'to burn, shine'
Semantic Field(s): to Burn, Scorch, to Shine, Glisten
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ād, aad | n.masc | funeral pyre | ASD |
| ǣlan | vb | to burn, kindle, set on fire | ASD/W7 | |
| āl(ed) | n | fire | CDC | |
| āst | n.fem | oast | IEW | |
| Middle English: | ether | n | ether | W7 |
| ost | n | oast | W2I | |
| English: | aedile | n | Roman official | AHD/W7 |
| (a)estival | adj | re: summer | AHD/W7 | |
| (a)estivate | vb | to pass summer in torpor | AHD/W7 | |
| (a)ether | n | heavens, upper air | AHD/W7 | |
| estuary | n | inlet, arm of the sea | AHD/W7 | |
| Etna | prop.n | volcano in Sicily | AHD | |
| oast | n | kiln, drying oven | W2I | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | eest | n | oast | W2I |
| Old Saxon: | eld | n | fire | CDC |
| German: | Ätna | prop.n | Etna | LRC |
| Stiefel | n | boot | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | eldr | n.masc | fire | LRC |
| styfill | n | boot | KNW | |
| Danish: | ild | n | fire | CDC |
| støvle | n | boot | TLL | |
| Swedish: | eld | n | fire | CDC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | aedes | n.fem | house, building, temple | W7 |
| aedilis | n.masc | aedile | W7 | |
| aestās, aestātis | n.fem | summer | LRC | |
| aestīvus | adj | re: summer | CLD | |
| aestuarium | n.neut | estuary, low ground covered by sea at high tide | W7 | |
| aestus, aestūs | n.masc | heat; swell, surge, tide | LRC | |
| aether | n.neut | aether | W7 | |
| Aetna | prop.n | Etna, lit. fiery one | AHD | |
| Old French: | estival | n | long boot | LRC |
| Italian: | stivale | n | boot | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | αἰθήρ | n.neut | sky, aether | W7 |
| Greek: | aithein | vb | to blaze, ignite | W7 |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | edh-as | n | wood for fuel | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| KNW | = | Gerhard Köbler: Altnordisches Wörterbuch, 2nd ed. (2003) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
