Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ā̆ier-, ā̆ien- 'day(light), morning'
Semantic Field(s): Day, Light, Morning
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣr | prep/adv | ere, formerly | LRC |
| ǣrest | adv.sup | erst, soonest, earliest | W7 | |
| ǣrlīce, ārlīce | adv | early | ASD/W7 | |
| ār | adv | ere, soon, early | W7 | |
| Middle English: | ær, ar, or | prep/adv | ere, soon, early | CDC |
| er(e) | prep/adv/conj | ere | W7 | |
| erest | adj/adv.sup | erst | W7 | |
| erly | adj/adv | early | W7 | |
| English: | early | adv | early | AHD/W7 |
| ere | prep/adv/conj | before | AHD/W7 | |
| erst | adv.sup.arch | first, soonest, earliest | AHD/W7 | |
| or | arch.prep/adv | before; early | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ēr | adv | ere | CDC |
| Dutch: | eer | adv | ere | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | ēr | adv | ere | CDC |
| Old High German: | ēr, ǣr | adv | ere | ASD |
| er | adv | ere, early | CDC | |
| German: | ehe(r) | adv | ere, early | CDC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ár | adv | ere, soon, early; long ago | LRC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | áir | adv | ere, soon, early | LRC |
| airis | adv.comp | ere, sooner, earlier | CDC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ēri | adv | ere, early | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| arch | = | archaic |
| comp | = | comparative |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| prep | = | preposition |
| sup | = | superlative |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
