Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. ais- 'to wish, desire, ask/search for'
Semantic Field(s): to Will, Wish, to Desire
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | ahsian, axian | vb | to ask | ASD |
āscian | vb | to ask | CDC | |
Middle English: | asken, esken | vb | to ask | CDC/W7 |
axen | vb | to ask, inquire, demand | MEV | |
English: | ask | vb | to request, question | AHD/W7 |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | āskia, aschia | vb | to ask | ASD/CDC |
Dutch: | eischen | vb | to ask | CDC |
Old Saxon: | ēscōn | vb | to ask | CDC |
Old High German: | eiscōn | vb | to ask | ASD |
Middle High German: | eischen | vb | to ask | CDC |
German: | (h)eischen | vb | to ask | CDC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | æskja | vb | to ask, wish | ASD |
Danish: | æske, äske | vb | to ask | ASD/CDC |
Swedish: | äska | vb | to ask | CDC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | aerusco, aeruscāre | vb | to beg | W7 |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | ieškóti, íeško, ieškójo | vb | to seek, look for | LRC |
Latvian: | ēskāt | vb | to seek | CDC |
Slavic | ||||
Czech: | jiskati | vb | to seek | CDC |
Old Church Slavonic: | iskati, ištǫ, išteši | vb | to seek, search, try | LRC |
Russian: | iskatĭ | vb | to seek | CDC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ish | vb | to seek, wish, desire | ASD/CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |