Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: aku̯ā-, more accurately əku̯ā, ēku̯- 'aqua, water, river'
Semantic Field(s): Water, Brook, Stream, River
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | ab | n | river | LRC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ǣ-spring, ǣ-sprynge | n.neut | fountain, lit. water-spring | ASD/ODE |
| ē(a)gor-strēam | n.masc | current, lit. sea-stream | LRC | |
| *eah, eā, ǣ | n.fem | aqua, river | ASD/CDC | |
| *ēget | n | ait | CDC | |
| ēg(or) | n.fem | sea, aqua | ASD | |
| ēgor-here | n.masc | deluge, lit. water-host | ASD | |
| īg(e) | n.fem | ait | W7 | |
| īg(e)oþ, iggaþ, iggoþ | n.masc | ait | ASD | |
| īgland | n.neut | island | W7 | |
| Middle English: | ait, æit, eyt | n | ait | W7 |
| aqua | n | aqua | AHD | |
| aquatique | adj | aquatic | AHD | |
| ewer | n | ewer | W7 | |
| island | n | island | W7 | |
| sewer | n | sewer | W7 | |
| English: | ai(gh)t | n | islet, small island | AHD/W7 |
| aqua-, aque-, aqui- | pfx | water | LRC | |
| aqua | n | water; aqueous solution | W7 | |
| aquamarine | n | green/blue gem | AHD/W7 | |
| aquanaut | n | one who lives/works underwater | AHD | |
| aquarelle | n | water-color painting | AHD/W7 | |
| aquarium | n | tank for aquatic creatures | AHD/W7 | |
| aquatic | adj | re: (growing/living in/on) water | W7 | |
| aquatint | n | etching process producing print like ink/wash drawing | AHD | |
| aquavit | n | Scandinavian liquor | AHD/W7 | |
| aqueduct | n | water conduit | AHD/W7 | |
| aqueous | adj | re: water | W7 | |
| aquifer | n | layer of earth/stone/gravel yielding water | AHD | |
| ewer | n | water pitcher | AHD/W7 | |
| gouache | n | type of paint | AHD/W7 | |
| island | n | land (smaller than continent) surrounded by water | AHD/W7 | |
| Rushey | prop.n | Marish locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| sewer | n | waste-water conduit | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ā, ē | n | aqua, river | CDC |
| Dutch: | eiland | n | island | TLL |
| Old Saxon: | aha | n | aqua, river | CDC |
| Old High German: | aha | n | river | LRC |
| Middle High German: | ahe | n | river | CDC |
| German: | Aa | prop.n | (name of) a river | CDC |
| Aquarell | n.neut | aquarelle | LRC | |
| Aquarium | n.neut | aquarium | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | ey | n.fem | island | LRC |
| eybarmr | n.masc | island surface | LRC | |
| eyjarskeggi | n.masc | island inhabitant | LRC | |
| eyland | n.neut | island | W7 | |
| Icelandic: | ā | n | aqua, river | CDC |
| ey | n | ait | ASD | |
| eyland | n | island | ASD | |
| ægir | n.masc | the sea | ASD | |
| Norwegian: | akvavit | n | aquavit | W7 |
| Danish: | aa | n | brook | CDC |
| halvø | n | peninsula | TLL | |
| ø | n | island | TLL | |
| Swedish: | ȃ | n | brook | CDC |
| aquavit | n | aquavit | W7 | |
| halvö | n | peninsula | TLL | |
| ö | n | island | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | aƕa | n | river | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | a(c)quarius | adj | re: aqua | W7 |
| aqua | n.fem | aqua | W7 | |
| aquaeductus | n.masc | aqueduct | AHD | |
| aquamarina | n | seawater | CDC | |
| aquarium | n.neut | aquarium | W7 | |
| aquaticus | adj | re: aqua | CDC | |
| aquatio | n.fem | act of fetching water | W7 | |
| aquatus | vb.ptc | watered | W7 | |
| aquor, aquari | vb | to fetch water | W7 | |
| Oceanus, Oceani | n.masc | ocean | LRC | |
| Vulgar Latin: | aquarium | n.neut | ewer | W7 |
| exaquo, exaquāre | vb | to drain | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | aqueus | adj | aqueous | AHD |
| Portuguese: | agua | n | aqua | CDC |
| Spanish: | agua | n | aqua | LRC |
| Old French: | aquatique | adj | aquatic | AHD |
| aqueduct | n | aqueduct | CDC | |
| evier | n.masc | ewer, sink, sewer | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | ewer | n.masc | ewer | W7 |
| Middle French: | essewer | vb | to drain | W7 |
| esseweur | n.masc | sewer | W7 | |
| seweur | n.masc | sewer | W7 | |
| French: | aquarelle | n.fem | aquarelle | W7 |
| aquatinte | n | aquatint | AHD | |
| aqueduc | n.masc | aqueduct | CDC | |
| eau | n.fem | aqua | CDC | |
| gouache | n.fem | gouache | W7 | |
| Italian: | acqua | n.fem | aqua | W7 |
| acquarella | n.fem | aquarelle | W7 | |
| acquarello | n.masc | aquarelle | CID/W7 | |
| acquatinta | n | aquatint | AHD | |
| acquerèllo | n.masc | aquarelle | CID/W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | ape | n | river | LRC |
| Lithuanian: | ùpẹ | n | river | LRC |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | ak(k)-, ek(k)- | n | drink | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ā́pas | n | waters | LRC |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian: | yok | n | drink | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |