Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: aku̯ā-, more accurately əku̯ā, ēku̯- 'aqua, water, river'
Semantic Field(s): Water, Brook, Stream, River
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | ab | n | river | LRC |
English | ||||
Old English: | ǣ-spring, ǣ-sprynge | n.neut | fountain, lit. water-spring | ASD/ODE |
ē(a)gor-strēam | n.masc | current, lit. sea-stream | LRC | |
*eah, eā, ǣ | n.fem | aqua, river | ASD/CDC | |
*ēget | n | ait | CDC | |
ēg(or) | n.fem | sea, aqua | ASD | |
ēgor-here | n.masc | deluge, lit. water-host | ASD | |
īg(e) | n.fem | ait | W7 | |
īg(e)oþ, iggaþ, iggoþ | n.masc | ait | ASD | |
īgland | n.neut | island | W7 | |
Middle English: | ait, æit, eyt | n | ait | W7 |
aqua | n | aqua | AHD | |
aquatique | adj | aquatic | AHD | |
ewer | n | ewer | W7 | |
island | n | island | W7 | |
sewer | n | sewer | W7 | |
English: | ai(gh)t | n | islet, small island | AHD/W7 |
aqua-, aque-, aqui- | pfx | water | LRC | |
aqua | n | water; aqueous solution | W7 | |
aquamarine | n | green/blue gem | AHD/W7 | |
aquanaut | n | one who lives/works underwater | AHD | |
aquarelle | n | water-color painting | AHD/W7 | |
aquarium | n | tank for aquatic creatures | AHD/W7 | |
aquatic | adj | re: (growing/living in/on) water | W7 | |
aquatint | n | etching process producing print like ink/wash drawing | AHD | |
aquavit | n | Scandinavian liquor | AHD/W7 | |
aqueduct | n | water conduit | AHD/W7 | |
aqueous | adj | re: water | W7 | |
aquifer | n | layer of earth/stone/gravel yielding water | AHD | |
ewer | n | water pitcher | AHD/W7 | |
gouache | n | type of paint | AHD/W7 | |
island | n | land (smaller than continent) surrounded by water | AHD/W7 | |
Rushey | prop.n | Marish locale in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
sewer | n | waste-water conduit | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | ā, ē | n | aqua, river | CDC |
Dutch: | eiland | n | island | TLL |
Old Saxon: | aha | n | aqua, river | CDC |
Old High German: | aha | n | river | LRC |
Middle High German: | ahe | n | river | CDC |
German: | Aa | prop.n | (name of) a river | CDC |
Aquarell | n.neut | aquarelle | LRC | |
Aquarium | n.neut | aquarium | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | ey | n.fem | island | LRC |
eybarmr | n.masc | island surface | LRC | |
eyjarskeggi | n.masc | island inhabitant | LRC | |
eyland | n.neut | island | W7 | |
Icelandic: | ā | n | aqua, river | CDC |
ey | n | ait | ASD | |
eyland | n | island | ASD | |
ægir | n.masc | the sea | ASD | |
Norwegian: | akvavit | n | aquavit | W7 |
Danish: | aa | n | brook | CDC |
halvø | n | peninsula | TLL | |
ø | n | island | TLL | |
Swedish: | ȃ | n | brook | CDC |
aquavit | n | aquavit | W7 | |
halvö | n | peninsula | TLL | |
ö | n | island | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | aƕa | n | river | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | a(c)quarius | adj | re: aqua | W7 |
aqua | n.fem | aqua | W7 | |
aquaeductus | n.masc | aqueduct | AHD | |
aquamarina | n | seawater | CDC | |
aquarium | n.neut | aquarium | W7 | |
aquaticus | adj | re: aqua | CDC | |
aquatio | n.fem | act of fetching water | W7 | |
aquatus | vb.ptc | watered | W7 | |
aquor, aquari | vb | to fetch water | W7 | |
Oceanus, Oceani | n.masc | ocean | LRC | |
Vulgar Latin: | aquarium | n.neut | ewer | W7 |
exaquo, exaquāre | vb | to drain | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | aqueus | adj | aqueous | AHD |
Portuguese: | agua | n | aqua | CDC |
Spanish: | agua | n | aqua | LRC |
Old French: | aquatique | adj | aquatic | AHD |
aqueduct | n | aqueduct | CDC | |
evier | n.masc | ewer, sink, sewer | W7 | |
Anglo-French: | ewer | n.masc | ewer | W7 |
Middle French: | essewer | vb | to drain | W7 |
esseweur | n.masc | sewer | W7 | |
seweur | n.masc | sewer | W7 | |
French: | aquarelle | n.fem | aquarelle | W7 |
aquatinte | n | aquatint | AHD | |
aqueduc | n.masc | aqueduct | CDC | |
eau | n.fem | aqua | CDC | |
gouache | n.fem | gouache | W7 | |
Italian: | acqua | n.fem | aqua | W7 |
acquarella | n.fem | aquarelle | W7 | |
acquarello | n.masc | aquarelle | CID/W7 | |
acquatinta | n | aquatint | AHD | |
acquerèllo | n.masc | aquarelle | CID/W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | ape | n | river | LRC |
Lithuanian: | ùpẹ | n | river | LRC |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | ak(k)-, ek(k)- | n | drink | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ā́pas | n | waters | LRC |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian: | yok | n | drink | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |