Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. al-, ol- 'beyond; other, alien'
Semantic Field(s): Stranger, Like, Similar
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | aile | adj | other | GED |
ailither | n | pilgrim | GED | |
indoll | prep | beyond | W7 | |
English | ||||
Old English: | eal(l) | adj/adv | all; entirely | LRC |
eall-swā | adv | also, lit. all so | W7 | |
(e)al-swā | adv/conj | also, lit. all so | CDC | |
elcor, elcur, ælcor | adv | otherwise | ASD/GED | |
elelende | vb.past.ptc | exiled | GED | |
elles | adv | otherwise | GED | |
ellicor | adv | otherwise | GED | |
ellor | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
Middle English: | adultery | n | adultery | W7 |
al, all(e) | adj/adv | all | MEV/W7 | |
albeit | adv | albeit | W7 | |
aldai | adv | all day | MEV | |
algate | adv | in all ways, at any rate | MEV | |
alien | adj/n | alien | W7 | |
alkyn | adj | of all kinds | MEV | |
all | adv | withal | W7 | |
alone | adj/adv | lone | W7 | |
alsaume | adv | all together | MEV | |
also, als(wa) | adv/conj | also, lit. all so | MEV/W7 | |
alteren | vb | to alter | W7 | |
although | adv | although | W7 | |
as | conj | whereas | W7 | |
as(e), als(e) | adv/conj | as | CDC | |
avoutrie | n | adultery | W7 | |
uttraunce | n | utterance; bitter end | W7 | |
English: | adulterate | vb | to make impure | AHD/W7 |
adulterine | adj | illegal, spurious, re: adulteration | AHD/W7 | |
adultery | n | sex between unmarried spouses | AHD/W7 | |
albeit | conj | even though | AHD/W7 | |
alfresco | adj/adv | outdoor(s), in open air | AHD/W9 | |
alias | adv | assumed name/identity | AHD/W7 | |
alibi | n | excuse of having been elsewhere | AHD/W7 | |
alien | adj | strange, foreign | AHD/W7 | |
alien | n | stranger, foreigner | LRC | |
aliquot | adj | re: exact factor/divisor of quantity | AHD | |
all | adj | every, complete | AHD/W7 | |
allele | n | one of a genetic pair | LRC | |
allelomorph | n | allele, lit. other form | AHD/W7 | |
allelopathy | n | plant toxin release slowing other plant growth | AHD | |
alligator | n | crocodilian with short broad untapered snout | AHD/W7 | |
allo- | pfx | other | AHD/W7 | |
also | adv | too, likewise, as well, in addition | AHD/W7 | |
alter | vb | to change | AHD/W7 | |
altercate | vb.intrans | to dispute, wrangle | AHD/W7 | |
alternate | adj | re: occurring/succeeding by turns | AHD/W7 | |
although | conj | even though, while | AHD/W7 | |
altruism | n | concern for others' interests | AHD/W7 | |
as | adv/conj | so, like; when, while | AHD/W7 | |
else | adv | otherwise | GED | |
hoopla | n | hubbub, commotion | AHD/W7 | |
lagniappe | n | bonus gift from merchant | AHD/W7 | |
lariat | n | rope with noose for catching cattle | AHD/W7 | |
morphallaxis | n | organic regrowth from remnant | AHD/W7 | |
outré | adj | bizarre, violating convention/propriety | AHD/W7 | |
parallax | n | skewing of form/position due to perspective | AHD/W7 | |
parallel | adj | lying on same plane without intersection | AHD/W7 | |
penult | n | next to last item (in series) | TLL | |
subaltern | adj | subordinate | AHD/W7 | |
trophallaxis | n | mutual exchange of food among social insects | AHD | |
ulterior | adj | further | AHD/W7 | |
ultimate | adj | last, final, furthest, greatest | AHD/W7 | |
ultra- | pfx | beyond, intense | AHD/W7 | |
utterance | n | what is said/uttered | AHD/W7 | |
voila | interj | there it is! | AHD | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | al, ol | adj | all | ASD |
as(e), a(l)sa | adv/conj | as | CDC | |
ekker, elker, elkes | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
elles, ellis | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
Frisian: | al, ol | adj | all | ASD |
Dutch: | al(le), alles | adj | all | ASD |
Old Saxon: | al | adj | all | ASD |
alsō | adv/conj | as, also | CDC | |
elcor | adv | otherwise | GED | |
elilende | vb.past.ptc | exiled | GED | |
ellicor | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
Old High German: | alilante | vb.past.ptc | exiled | GED |
al(l) | adj/adv | all | ASD | |
alles | adv | otherwise | GED | |
alsō | adv/conj | as, also | CDC | |
elih(h)or, elic(h)or | adv | further | ASD/GED | |
elilenti | vb.past.ptc | exiled | GED | |
ellichōr | adv | further | GED | |
ell(i)es | adv | otherwise | ASD/GED | |
Middle High German: | al | adj | all | ASD |
alles | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
alsō, alse | adv/conj | as, also | CDC | |
German: | All | n.neut | universe | LRC |
all(e), aller, alles | adj | all | ASD | |
Allel | n.neut | allele | AHD | |
Allelomorph | n | allelomorph | AHD | |
als | conj | as, than | GED | |
also | adv | so, thus | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | elligar | adv | otherwise | LRC |
Old Icelandic: | ella(r) | adv | otherwise | GED |
elligar | adv | otherwise | GED | |
ellor | adv | otherwise | GED | |
Icelandic: | allr, allt, ale, öll | adj | all | ASD |
ellegar, elligar, ella(r) | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
Danish: | al | adj | all | ASD |
als | adv/conj | as, also | CDC | |
eller | conj | or, nor | TLL | |
ellers | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
Swedish: | al | adj | all | ASD |
eljest | adv | else | ASD | |
eller | conj | or, nor | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | alja | conj | but | GED |
aljaleiko | adv | otherwise | GED | |
*aljaleikoþs | adj/vb.ptc | allegorical, with a different meaning | GED | |
aljar | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
aljaþ | adv | elsewhere, to another place | GED | |
aljaþro | adv | by another way | GED | |
*aljis | adj | other | GED | |
allis | adv | at all | ASD | |
alls | adj | all | LRC | |
Italic | ||||
Oscan: | alttram | adj | other | GED |
Old Latin: | ollus | dem.pron | he, that | LRC |
Latin: | adulter | adj | unchaste, adulterous | W7 |
adulterium | n.neut | adultery | W7 | |
adulterō, adulterāre | vb | to commit adultery | W7 | |
alias | adv | of another time | W7 | |
alibi | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
alienus, aliena, alienum | adj | alien, unfitting | LRC | |
aliquis, aliquis, aliquid | pron.indef | anyone | LRC | |
aliter | adv | otherwise | GED | |
alius | adj/pron | other | GED | |
alter, altera, alterum | adj/pron | other | GED | |
altercor, altercārī | vb.dep | to dispute, wrangle | W7 | |
alterno, alternāre | vb | to alternate | W7 | |
alternus | adj | other | W7 | |
ille, illa, illud | dem.pron | he, she, that | LRC | |
olim | adv | some day | LRC | |
parallelus | adj | parallel | W7 | |
ullus | adj/pron | any(one) | W7 | |
uls | adv | beyond | W7 | |
ulter | adj | situated beyond | W7 | |
ulterior, ulterioris | adj | farther, remote | LRC | |
ultimus | adj.sup | last | W7 | |
ultrā | adv/prep/pfx | beyond | W7 | |
Late Latin: | subalternus | adj | subaltern | W7 |
ultimo, ultimāre | vb | to be last, come to an end | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | alterō, alterāre | vb | to alter, change | W7 |
ultimatus | adj | last, final | W7 | |
New Latin: | morphallaxis | n.fem | change of form | W7 |
Spanish: | allá | adv | over there, far away | TLL |
el, la | art.def | the | W7 | |
Old French: | adultere | n | adultery | AHD |
alien | n.masc | alien | W7 | |
alterer | vb | to alter | AHD | |
autre | indef.adj/pron | other | W7 | |
autrui | adj.obl | other | W7 | |
outre | prep | beyond | W7 | |
outré | adj | passed, defeated | W7 | |
outrer | vb | to pass (someone) | W7 | |
Middle French: | altérer | vb | to change, damage | W7 |
avoutrie | n.fem | adultery | W7 | |
outrance | n.fem | what is outrageous | W7 | |
parallaxe | n.fem | parallax | W7 | |
French: | altruisme | n.masc | altruism | W7 |
aussi | conj | as | TLL | |
autre | indef.adj/pron | other | LRC | |
autrui | indef.pron.pl | others, other people | W7 | |
houp-là | interj | hoopla | W7 | |
le, la | art.def | the | LRC | |
outré | adj | outraged, offended | W7 | |
outrer | vb | to irritate, carry to excess | W7 | |
voilà | cont | voila, there is/are, lit. see there | AHD | |
Italian: | altrui | indef.pron | someone else | AHD |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἀλλά | conj | but | GED |
allaxis | n.fem | exchange | W7 | |
allassein | vb | to change, exchange | W7 | |
ἀλλήλων | pron | one another | LRC | |
ἄλλοθι | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
ἄλλος | adj | other | GED | |
ἀλλότριος | n | stranger | GED | |
ἄλλως | adv | otherwise, especially | LRC | |
parallaxis | n.fem | act of changing | W7 | |
parallassein | vb | to change | W7 | |
parallēlos | adj | parallel | W7 | |
Armenian | ||||
Classical Armenian: | ayl | conj | but | LRC |
Armenian: | ail | conj | but (rather) | GED |
ayl | adj | other | GED | |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | anyadā | adv | elsewhere | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | anyátra | adv | elsewhere | GED |
anyás | adj | other | GED | |
aríḥ | n | stranger | GED | |
aryás | n | hospitable lord | GED | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | alyek | adj | other | GED |
Tocharian A: | alyak | adj | other | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
art | = | article/determiner |
conj | = | conjunction |
cont | = | contraction |
def | = | definite |
dem | = | demonstrative |
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
indef | = | indefinite |
interj | = | interjection |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
obl | = | oblique (case) |
past | = | past (tense) |
pfx | = | prefix |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prep | = | preposition |
pron | = | pronoun |
ptc | = | participle |
sup | = | superlative |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |