Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. al-, ol- 'beyond; other, alien'
Semantic Field(s): Stranger, Like, Similar
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | aile | adj | other | GED |
| ailither | n | pilgrim | GED | |
| indoll | prep | beyond | W7 | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | eal(l) | adj/adv | all; entirely | LRC |
| eall-swā | adv | also, lit. all so | W7 | |
| (e)al-swā | adv/conj | also, lit. all so | CDC | |
| elcor, elcur, ælcor | adv | otherwise | ASD/GED | |
| elelende | vb.past.ptc | exiled | GED | |
| elles | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| ellicor | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| ellor | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
| Middle English: | adultery | n | adultery | W7 |
| al, all(e) | adj/adv | all | MEV/W7 | |
| albeit | adv | albeit | W7 | |
| aldai | adv | all day | MEV | |
| algate | adv | in all ways, at any rate | MEV | |
| alien | adj/n | alien | W7 | |
| alkyn | adj | of all kinds | MEV | |
| all | adv | withal | W7 | |
| alone | adj/adv | lone | W7 | |
| alsaume | adv | all together | MEV | |
| also, als(wa) | adv/conj | also, lit. all so | MEV/W7 | |
| alteren | vb | to alter | W7 | |
| although | adv | although | W7 | |
| as | conj | whereas | W7 | |
| as(e), als(e) | adv/conj | as | CDC | |
| avoutrie | n | adultery | W7 | |
| uttraunce | n | utterance; bitter end | W7 | |
| English: | adulterate | vb | to make impure | AHD/W7 |
| adulterine | adj | illegal, spurious, re: adulteration | AHD/W7 | |
| adultery | n | sex between unmarried spouses | AHD/W7 | |
| albeit | conj | even though | AHD/W7 | |
| alfresco | adj/adv | outdoor(s), in open air | AHD/W9 | |
| alias | adv | assumed name/identity | AHD/W7 | |
| alibi | n | excuse of having been elsewhere | AHD/W7 | |
| alien | adj | strange, foreign | AHD/W7 | |
| alien | n | stranger, foreigner | LRC | |
| aliquot | adj | re: exact factor/divisor of quantity | AHD | |
| all | adj | every, complete | AHD/W7 | |
| allele | n | one of a genetic pair | LRC | |
| allelomorph | n | allele, lit. other form | AHD/W7 | |
| allelopathy | n | plant toxin release slowing other plant growth | AHD | |
| alligator | n | crocodilian with short broad untapered snout | AHD/W7 | |
| allo- | pfx | other | AHD/W7 | |
| also | adv | too, likewise, as well, in addition | AHD/W7 | |
| alter | vb | to change | AHD/W7 | |
| altercate | vb.intrans | to dispute, wrangle | AHD/W7 | |
| alternate | adj | re: occurring/succeeding by turns | AHD/W7 | |
| although | conj | even though, while | AHD/W7 | |
| altruism | n | concern for others' interests | AHD/W7 | |
| as | adv/conj | so, like; when, while | AHD/W7 | |
| else | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| hoopla | n | hubbub, commotion | AHD/W7 | |
| lagniappe | n | bonus gift from merchant | AHD/W7 | |
| lariat | n | rope with noose for catching cattle | AHD/W7 | |
| morphallaxis | n | organic regrowth from remnant | AHD/W7 | |
| outré | adj | bizarre, violating convention/propriety | AHD/W7 | |
| parallax | n | skewing of form/position due to perspective | AHD/W7 | |
| parallel | adj | lying on same plane without intersection | AHD/W7 | |
| penult | n | next to last item (in series) | TLL | |
| subaltern | adj | subordinate | AHD/W7 | |
| trophallaxis | n | mutual exchange of food among social insects | AHD | |
| ulterior | adj | further | AHD/W7 | |
| ultimate | adj | last, final, furthest, greatest | AHD/W7 | |
| ultra- | pfx | beyond, intense | AHD/W7 | |
| utterance | n | what is said/uttered | AHD/W7 | |
| voila | interj | there it is! | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | al, ol | adj | all | ASD |
| as(e), a(l)sa | adv/conj | as | CDC | |
| ekker, elker, elkes | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
| elles, ellis | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
| Frisian: | al, ol | adj | all | ASD |
| Dutch: | al(le), alles | adj | all | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | al | adj | all | ASD |
| alsō | adv/conj | as, also | CDC | |
| elcor | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| elilende | vb.past.ptc | exiled | GED | |
| ellicor | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
| Old High German: | alilante | vb.past.ptc | exiled | GED |
| al(l) | adj/adv | all | ASD | |
| alles | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| alsō | adv/conj | as, also | CDC | |
| elih(h)or, elic(h)or | adv | further | ASD/GED | |
| elilenti | vb.past.ptc | exiled | GED | |
| ellichōr | adv | further | GED | |
| ell(i)es | adv | otherwise | ASD/GED | |
| Middle High German: | al | adj | all | ASD |
| alles | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
| alsō, alse | adv/conj | as, also | CDC | |
| German: | All | n.neut | universe | LRC |
| all(e), aller, alles | adj | all | ASD | |
| Allel | n.neut | allele | AHD | |
| Allelomorph | n | allelomorph | AHD | |
| als | conj | as, than | GED | |
| also | adv | so, thus | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | elligar | adv | otherwise | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | ella(r) | adv | otherwise | GED |
| elligar | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| ellor | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| Icelandic: | allr, allt, ale, öll | adj | all | ASD |
| ellegar, elligar, ella(r) | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
| Danish: | al | adj | all | ASD |
| als | adv/conj | as, also | CDC | |
| eller | conj | or, nor | TLL | |
| ellers | adv | otherwise | ASD | |
| Swedish: | al | adj | all | ASD |
| eljest | adv | else | ASD | |
| eller | conj | or, nor | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | alja | conj | but | GED |
| aljaleiko | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| *aljaleikoþs | adj/vb.ptc | allegorical, with a different meaning | GED | |
| aljar | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
| aljaþ | adv | elsewhere, to another place | GED | |
| aljaþro | adv | by another way | GED | |
| *aljis | adj | other | GED | |
| allis | adv | at all | ASD | |
| alls | adj | all | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | alttram | adj | other | GED |
| Old Latin: | ollus | dem.pron | he, that | LRC |
| Latin: | adulter | adj | unchaste, adulterous | W7 |
| adulterium | n.neut | adultery | W7 | |
| adulterō, adulterāre | vb | to commit adultery | W7 | |
| alias | adv | of another time | W7 | |
| alibi | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
| alienus, aliena, alienum | adj | alien, unfitting | LRC | |
| aliquis, aliquis, aliquid | pron.indef | anyone | LRC | |
| aliter | adv | otherwise | GED | |
| alius | adj/pron | other | GED | |
| alter, altera, alterum | adj/pron | other | GED | |
| altercor, altercārī | vb.dep | to dispute, wrangle | W7 | |
| alterno, alternāre | vb | to alternate | W7 | |
| alternus | adj | other | W7 | |
| ille, illa, illud | dem.pron | he, she, that | LRC | |
| olim | adv | some day | LRC | |
| parallelus | adj | parallel | W7 | |
| ullus | adj/pron | any(one) | W7 | |
| uls | adv | beyond | W7 | |
| ulter | adj | situated beyond | W7 | |
| ulterior, ulterioris | adj | farther, remote | LRC | |
| ultimus | adj.sup | last | W7 | |
| ultrā | adv/prep/pfx | beyond | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | subalternus | adj | subaltern | W7 |
| ultimo, ultimāre | vb | to be last, come to an end | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | alterō, alterāre | vb | to alter, change | W7 |
| ultimatus | adj | last, final | W7 | |
| New Latin: | morphallaxis | n.fem | change of form | W7 |
| Spanish: | allá | adv | over there, far away | TLL |
| el, la | art.def | the | W7 | |
| Old French: | adultere | n | adultery | AHD |
| alien | n.masc | alien | W7 | |
| alterer | vb | to alter | AHD | |
| autre | indef.adj/pron | other | W7 | |
| autrui | adj.obl | other | W7 | |
| outre | prep | beyond | W7 | |
| outré | adj | passed, defeated | W7 | |
| outrer | vb | to pass (someone) | W7 | |
| Middle French: | altérer | vb | to change, damage | W7 |
| avoutrie | n.fem | adultery | W7 | |
| outrance | n.fem | what is outrageous | W7 | |
| parallaxe | n.fem | parallax | W7 | |
| French: | altruisme | n.masc | altruism | W7 |
| aussi | conj | as | TLL | |
| autre | indef.adj/pron | other | LRC | |
| autrui | indef.pron.pl | others, other people | W7 | |
| houp-là | interj | hoopla | W7 | |
| le, la | art.def | the | LRC | |
| outré | adj | outraged, offended | W7 | |
| outrer | vb | to irritate, carry to excess | W7 | |
| voilà | cont | voila, there is/are, lit. see there | AHD | |
| Italian: | altrui | indef.pron | someone else | AHD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀλλά | conj | but | GED |
| allaxis | n.fem | exchange | W7 | |
| allassein | vb | to change, exchange | W7 | |
| ἀλλήλων | pron | one another | LRC | |
| ἄλλοθι | adv | elsewhere | GED | |
| ἄλλος | adj | other | GED | |
| ἀλλότριος | n | stranger | GED | |
| ἄλλως | adv | otherwise, especially | LRC | |
| parallaxis | n.fem | act of changing | W7 | |
| parallassein | vb | to change | W7 | |
| parallēlos | adj | parallel | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | ayl | conj | but | LRC |
| Armenian: | ail | conj | but (rather) | GED |
| ayl | adj | other | GED | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | anyadā | adv | elsewhere | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | anyátra | adv | elsewhere | GED |
| anyás | adj | other | GED | |
| aríḥ | n | stranger | GED | |
| aryás | n | hospitable lord | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | alyek | adj | other | GED |
| Tocharian A: | alyak | adj | other | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| art | = | article/determiner |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| cont | = | contraction |
| def | = | definite |
| dem | = | demonstrative |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| indef | = | indefinite |
| interj | = | interjection |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obl | = | oblique (case) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sup | = | superlative |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
| W9 | = | Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary (1983) |
