Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: alu-, alu-d-, alu-t- 'bitter; ale, beer'
Semantic Field(s): Bitter, Beer
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Irish: | ol | n | drink | CDC |
English | ||||
Old English: | ealo, ealu | n.neut | ale | ASD |
ealofæt | n.neut | ale-cup | ASD/CDC | |
Middle English: | ale | n | ale | W7 |
alum, alom | n | alum | CDC | |
English: | ale | n | drink fermented from malt/hops | AHD/W7 |
alum | n | aluminum sulfate used as styptic/emetic/astringent | CDC/W7 | |
alumina | n | aluminum oxide | W7 | |
aluminum | n | light silvery metallic element | W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | aal | n | ale | LRC |
aalbes | n | currant | LRC | |
Old Saxon: | alo | n | ale | CDC |
alo-fat | n.neut | ale-cup | ASD | |
Middle High German: | alūn | n | alum | CDC |
German: | Aluminium | n.fem | aluminum | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | öl | n | ale | W7 |
ǫlðr | n.neut | ale; ale-party | LRC | |
Icelandic: | öl | n.neut | ale | ASD |
Danish: | öl | n.neut | ale | CDC |
Swedish: | öl | n.neut | ale | CDC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | alumen | n.neut | alum | W7 |
New Latin: | alūmina | n | alumina, aluminum | AHD |
Old French: | alum | n | alum | CDC |
alun | n | alum | CDC | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | alu | n | ale, beer | CDC |
Lithuanian: | alunas | n | alum | CDC |
alus | n | ale, beer | CDC | |
Latvian: | allus | n | ale, beer | CDC |
Slavic | ||||
Polish: | ałun | n | alum | CDC |
Old Church Slavonic: | olŭ | n | cider | CDC |
Russian: | galunu | n | alum | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |