Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. an- 'there, other side'
Semantic Field(s): Side
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ōþer | adj | other | W7 |
| Middle English: | andersith | adv | beforetime, previously | OED |
| anodir, anoþer, anothire | adj/pron | another | MEV | |
| ender, endris, endyrs | adj | other, recently past | OED | |
| other | adj | other | W7 | |
| English: | another | adj/pron | one other | LRC |
| other | adj | second, different, one of two/more | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ander, oder, other, or | adj | other | CDC |
| Middle Dutch: | ander | adj | other | CDC |
| Dutch: | ander | adj | other | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | andar, āðar | adj | other | CDC |
| ōðar, ōþar, ōðer | adj | other | CDC | |
| Middle Low German: | ander | adj | other | CDC |
| Low German: | ander | adj | other | CDC |
| Old High German: | andar, ander | adj | other | CDC |
| Middle High German: | ander | adj | other | CDC |
| German: | ander | adj | other | CDC |
| anders | adj | different | LRC | |
| oder | conj | or | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | annarr | adj/pron | other | LRC |
| endr | adv | else, again, formerly | OED | |
| Icelandic: | annarr | adj | other | CDC |
| Danish: | anden | adj | other | CDC |
| Swedish: | annan | adj | other | CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | andiz | conj | either | OED |
| anþar | adj | other, another | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | alter | adj | other | CDC |
| Portuguese: | outro | adj | other | CDC |
| Spanish: | otro | adj | other | CDC |
| Old French: | altre, autre | adj | other | CDC |
| French: | autre | adj | other | CDC |
| Provençal: | altre, autre | adj | other | CDC |
| Italian: | altro | adj | other | CDC |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | antars | adj | other | CDC |
| Lithuanian: | añtras, antrà | pron/adj | other | LRC |
| Latvian: | ōtrs | adj | other | CDC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | on | pron | he, that | CDC |
| wtory | adj | second | CDC | |
| Czech: | on | pron | he, that | CDC |
| úterý | adj | second | CDC | |
| Serbian: | on | pron | he, that | CDC |
| Old Church Slavonic: | vŭtorŭ | adj | second | CDC |
| onŭ | pron | he, that | CDC | |
| Russian: | vtorno- | adj | second | CDC |
| onŭ | pron | he, that | CDC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἐάν, ἤν | conj | if | LRC |
| κἄν | conj | and if | LRC | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | *ana, anya | dem.pron | that | CDC |
| an(ya)tara | adj | other | CDC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| dem | = | demonstrative |
| pron | = | pronoun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |