Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. an-, anu, anō, nō 'on, along, over there'
Semantic Field(s): Side
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | an(a), ann | prep | on, in, over, along, toward | CDC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | an, on | adv/prep/pfx | (up)on, in, at, onto | LRC |
| Middle English: | an, on | adv/prep/pfx | on | W7 |
| ana | adv | ana | W7 | |
| English: | ana- | pfx | up, along, back | AHD/W7 |
| ana | adv | equal quantity of each | AHD/W7 | |
| anschluss | n | annexation, political union | AHD | |
| naprapathy | n | treatment of disease by joint/muscle/ligament manipulation | AHD | |
| on | prep | upon, along; regarding | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | an(a) | prep | on, at, over | GED |
| Middle Dutch: | aen | prep | on, upon | CDC |
| Dutch: | aan | prep | on, upon | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | an(a) | prep | on, at, over | GED |
| Middle Low German: | an | prep | on, upon | CDC |
| Old High German: | an(a) | adv/prep | on, at, over | GED |
| Middle High German: | an(e) | prep | on, upon | CDC |
| German: | an | prep | on, upon | CDC |
| anschliessen | vb | to lock, annex, enclose, connect | AHD | |
| Anschluss | n | anschluss, connection | AHD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | á | prep | on, upon; at, in; to, towards | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | ā- | pfx | over | GED |
| Icelandic: | ā | prep | on, upon | CDC |
| Old Danish: | aa | prep | on, upon | CDC |
| Swedish: | å | prep | on, upon | CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ana | prep | on, in, at, upon, over | LRC |
| anaks | adv | suddenly, at once | LRC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | an- | pfx | on, to | GED |
| ana- | pfx | up, back, again | W7 | |
| anhēlo, anhēlare | vb | to puff, pant, wheeze, breathe heavily | CLD/GED | |
| Medieval Latin: | ana | adv | ana | AHD |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | na, no | prep | away from | GED |
| Lithuanian: | nuõ | prep | (away) from | LRC |
| Latvian: | no | prep | from | LRC |
| nùo | prep | away from | GED | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | na | prep | on, in; at, against; for | LRC |
| Russian: | na | prep | on, in, over, along, toward | CDC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀνά | adv/prep/pfx | on, up, back, along, again | LRC |
| ἄνωθεν | adv | anew, from above | LRC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | hamberem | vb | to suffer, endure | LRC |
| Armenian: | am- | pfx | up | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | anā | prep | on, over | GED |
| Avestan: | ana | prep | on, over | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | anu | prep | on, in, over, along, toward | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| n | = | noun |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
