Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: andho- 'blind, dark, somber'
Semantic Field(s): Darkness
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| English: | adumbrate | vb.trans | to suggest, intimate | AHD/W7 |
| somber | adj | dark, gloomy | AHD/W7 | |
| umbel | n | type of inflorescence | AHD/W7 | |
| umbra | n | shade, shadow | AHD/W7 | |
| umbrella | n | rainguard; parasol | AHD/W7 | |
| umbrette | n | Hamerkop: drab brown African wading bird | AHD | |
| American English: | sombrero | n | broad-brimmed straw/felt hat | AHD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | adumbro, adumbrāre, adumbratus | vb | to sketch, outline | W7 |
| umbella | n.fem.dim | little shadow | W7 | |
| umbra | n.fem | umbra; grayling | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | subumbro, subumbrare | vb | to shade/cover/shadow beneath | AHD |
| New Latin: | umbella | n.fem | umbel | W7 |
| Spanish: | sombrero | n.masc | hat, sombrero | LRC |
| Old French: | *sombrer | vb | to cast a shadow | AHD |
| French: | sombre | adj | shady | W7 |
| Italian: | ombrèlla | n.fem | umbrella | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
