Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: āpero- 'shore, bank (of river)'
Semantic Field(s): Shore, Beach
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ōfer, ōfor | n.masc | bank, shore; edge, border, margin | ASD/IEW |
| uferian | vb | to elevate, make higher; delay, make later | ASD | |
| ufer(r)a | adj.comp | upper, higher; later | ASD/GED | |
| English: | epeirogeny | n | deformation of earth's crust | AHD/W7 |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Dutch: | oever | n | bank, shore | ASD |
| Dutch: | oever | n | bank, shore | TLL |
| Middle Low German: | ōver | n | bank, shore | IEW |
| Old High German: | obarōn | vb | to delay, defer | ASD |
| obero | adj.comp | upper, higher | ASD | |
| oberoro | adj.sup | utmost, highest | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | uover | n | bank, shore | IEW |
| German: | Ufer | n.neut | bank, shore | IEW |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | efri | adj | upper, later | ASD |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Doric: | ἄπειρος | n.fem | bank, shore; land, mainland | IEW |
| Greek: | ἤπειρος | n.fem | bank, shore; land, mainland | IEW |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| comp | = | comparative |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| sup | = | superlative |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
