Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: apo-, pō̆, ap-u, pu 'off, out of, away from'
Semantic Field(s): to Depart, Go Away
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | a- | pfx | of, off | W7 |
æf | prep | from, from...away | GED | |
aeftan | adv | behind, from behind | W7 | |
æfter, efter | adv/pfx/prep | then, after, behind | GED | |
æfter-geōla | n.masc | January, lit. after-yule (month) | LRC | |
af, of | prep | of, off, from | ASD | |
afera, afara | n.wk.masc | son, heir, descendant | ASD | |
be-æftan | prep/adv | after, behind; hereafter | AHD/ASD | |
eafora, eaf(e)ra, eofera | n.wk.masc | son, heir, descendant | ASD/GED | |
ebba | n | ebb | W7 | |
eft | adv | thereupon, afterwards | LRC | |
efterlið | n | July, lit. after-Lithe (month) | ASD | |
prafost | n.masc | provost, officer | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | ab- | pfx | off, from | W7 |
afte | adv | aft, back | W7 | |
apo- | pfx | away from | W7 | |
apposicioun | n | apposition | AHD | |
awke | adj | turned the wrong way | W7 | |
awkeward | adv | in the wrong direction | W7 | |
baft | adv/prep | aft, behind, toward rear | AHD/W7 | |
composicioun | n | composition | W7 | |
compounen | vb | to compound | W7 | |
disposen | vb | to dispose | W7 | |
ebbe | n | ebb | W7 | |
eft | adv | after | W7 | |
eftsones | adv | eftsoons | W7 | |
exposen | vb | to expose | W7 | |
expounden | vb | to expound | W7 | |
of | adv/pfx/prep | of, off | W7 | |
offal | n | offal, by-product | W7 | |
positive | adj | positive | W7 | |
preposicioun | n | preposition | W7 | |
proposen | vb | to propose | W7 | |
provost | n | provost | W7 | |
supposen | vb | to suppose | W7 | |
transposen | vb | to transpose | W7 | |
English: | ab- | pfx | off, from | AHD/W7 |
abaft | adv/prep | aft, behind, toward rear/stern | AHD/W7 | |
ablaut | n | systematic vowel variation in same/related root/affix | AHD/W7 | |
abrupt | adj | broken off | AHD/W7 | |
aft | adv | back, astern, toward rear | AHD/W7 | |
aft | n | stern of ship | LRC | |
after | adv | following | AHD/W7 | |
Afterlithe | prop.n | Shire calendar's July in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
aftermath | n | rowen, unplowed stubble field, 2nd-growth crop | AHD/W7 | |
Afteryule | prop.n | Shire calendar's January in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
apo- | pfx | away from | AHD/W7 | |
apophyge | n | scape, outward curve of column where shaft joins base/capital | AHD | |
apotropaic | adj | averting evil | AHD | |
apposite | adj | apt, pertinent, appropriate | AHD/W7 | |
apposition | n | placing opposite/adjacent/side-by-side | AHD | |
apropos | adj | relevant, opportune, appropriate | AHD | |
awkward | adj | unnatural, uncomfortable | AHD/W7 | |
component | n | piece, member | AHD/W7 | |
composite | adj | made of parts | AHD/W7 | |
composition | n | tract, work, opus | AHD/W7 | |
compost | n | organic fertilizer | AHD/W7 | |
compote | n | fruit dessert bowel | AHD/W7 | |
compound | adj | made of parts | AHD/W7 | |
compound | vb | to augment, put together | AHD/W7 | |
contrapposto | n | twisting of body in artwork | AHD | |
depone | vb | to testify | AHD/W7 | |
deposit | vb | to place, store | AHD/W7 | |
dispose | vb | to get rid of | AHD/W7 | |
ebb | n | tide's seaward flow | AHD/W7 | |
eftsoons | adv | soon after | AHD/W7 | |
exponent | n | expounder, interpreter | AHD/W7 | |
expose | vb | to bring to light | AHD/W7 | |
exposé | n | public exposure of vice | AHD/W7 | |
expound | vb | to elaborate, set forth | AHD/W7 | |
impose | vb | to establish by authority | AHD/W7 | |
impost | n | tax | AHD/W7 | |
interpose | vb | to intervene, put/come between | AHD/W7 | |
juxtaposition | n | act/instance of placing objects side-by-side | AHD/W7 | |
of | prep | from, regarding, belonging to | AHD/W7 | |
off | adv | from, away | AHD/W7 | |
offal | n | waste, animal viscera | AHD/W7 | |
oppose | vb.trans | to defy, stand against | AHD/W7 | |
pastiche | n | artistic/literary hodgepodge | AHD/W7 | |
position | n | place, standing | AHD/W7 | |
positive | adj | real, affirmative | AHD/W7 | |
post- | pfx | after | AHD/W7 | |
post | n | watch, station | AHD/W7 | |
posterior | adj | rear | AHD/W7 | |
postmeridian | adj | occurring after noon | AHD/W7 | |
postmortem | adj | occurring after death | AHD | |
postpartum | adj | re: period shortly after childbirth | AHD | |
postprandial | adj | after meal/dinner | AHD | |
postscript | n | note(s) appended to completed letter/article/book | AHD/W7 | |
posture | n | bearing | AHD/W7 | |
preposition | n | head of prepositional phrase | AHD/W7 | |
preposterous | adj | absurd, unheard-of | AHD/W7 | |
propose | vb | to suggest | AHD/W7 | |
provost | n | academic administrative official | AHD/W7 | |
punt | vb | to play against the bank | AHD/W7 | |
reposit | vb.trans | to store, replace | AHD/W7 | |
suppose | vb | to imagine; to ween | AHD/W7 | |
transpose | vb.trans | to shift, exchange | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | ebba | n.neut | ebb | ASD |
eft(a) | adv | then, behind, afterwards | ASD | |
efter | prep | after, behind | GED | |
of | prep | from, from...away | GED | |
Middle Dutch: | ebbe | n | ebb | W7 |
Dutch: | achter | prep | after | TLL |
eb | n.fem | ebb | ASD | |
van | prep | from | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | aƀaro | n.wk.masc | descendant | GED |
af | prep | from, from...away | GED | |
aftar | prep | after, behind | GED | |
eft | adv | again | ASD | |
Old High German: | ab | prep | from, from...away | GED |
aba | adv/pfx/prep | off, from, from...away | GED | |
abuh | adv | turned the wrong way | W7 | |
abur | adv | again, a second time, on the other hand | GED | |
aftar | adv/prep | after, behind | GED | |
avar | adv | again, a second time, on the other hand | GED | |
ebba | n.fem | ebb | ASD | |
prōbist | n | provost, officer | ASD | |
Middle High German: | ebbe | n.fem | ebb | ASD |
German: | ab | adv | off, from, away | LRC |
aber | conj | but | TLL | |
Ablaut | n.masc | ablaut | W7 | |
Ebbe | n.fem | ebb | ASD | |
von | prep | from | TLL | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | af | prep | out of, from; with; concerning; because of | LRC |
aptr | adv | back; aft | LRC | |
eptir | prep | after, behind; for, to obtain; along; according to; in succession to | LRC | |
ǫfugr | adj | turned the wrong way, backwards | LRC | |
Old Icelandic: | af | prep | from, from...away | GED |
afar- | adv | very | GED | |
afr | n.str.masc | thin beer made from oats | GED | |
aptr | prep | back, again | GED | |
aur- | pfx | very | GED/IEW | |
aur-falr | n.str.masc | lower socket of spear shaft | GED | |
avar- | adv | very | GED | |
Icelandic: | af | prep | of, off, from | ASD |
prófastr | n | provost, officer | ASD | |
Danish: | af | prep | of | TLL |
agter | n | aft | TLL | |
ebbe | n.masc/fem | ebb | ASD | |
efter | prep | after | TLL | |
Swedish: | akter | n | aft | TLL |
av | prep | of | TLL | |
ebb | n.masc | ebb | ASD | |
efter | prep | after | TLL | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | af | prep | from, from...away, since; of | GED |
afar | prep | after, according to | GED | |
*afara | n.masc | descendant | GED | |
afta | adv | back, behind | ASD | |
aftra | prep | back, again | GED | |
ufaro | prep | above | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Umbrian: | ab | prep | from | GED |
ap- | prep | from | GED | |
Old Latin: | po- | pfx | away | W7 |
posinō, posinere | vb | to put, lay down | W7 | |
Latin: | ab, abs-, ā- | adv/prep/pfx | from, away from, after | LRC |
abrumpo, abrumpere | vb | to break off | W7 | |
abruptus | vb.ptc | steep, abrupt | W7 | |
adpositus | adj | apposite, suitable, placed near | CDC | |
aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertum | vb | to open | LRC | |
aperte | adv | openly | LRC | |
appono, apponere, appositus | vb | to place near | W7 | |
Aprilis | n | April | GED | |
compōno, componere, composui, compositum | vb | to place, arrange | W7 | |
compositio, compositiōnis | n.fem | composition, arrangement | W7 | |
compostus, composta, compostum | vb.ptc | settled, placed | W7 | |
depono, deponere, depositus | vb | to depose, stop | W7 | |
dispono, disponere, disposui | vb | to arrange | W7 | |
expono, exponere, exposui | vb | to set forth, explain | W7 | |
impono, imponere, imposui, impositus | vb | to put, set up | W7 | |
interpono, interponere, imposui | vb | to place in between | W7 | |
oppono, opponere, opposui | vb | to oppose | W7 | |
pōnō, pōnere, pōsuī, pōsitus | vb | to put, place, lay down | W7 | |
positio, positionis | n.fem | position | W7 | |
positivus | adj | positive | W7 | |
positura | n.fem | posture | W7 | |
positus | vb.perf.ptc | situated | GED | |
post | adv/pfx/prep | after, behind | W7 | |
posterior | adj.comp | coming after | W7 | |
posterus | adj | coming after | W7 | |
praepono, praeponere, praepositus | vb | to place at the head | W7 | |
praepositio, praepositionis | n.fem | preposition | W7 | |
praeposterus | adj | with the hindside in front | W7 | |
propono, proponere, proposui | vb | to propose, put forth | W7 | |
punctum | n.neut | point, vote, small overture | W7 | |
repono, reponere, repositus | vb | to replace | W7 | |
transpono, transponere, transposui | vb | to put somewhere else | W7 | |
Medieval Latin: | compostum | n.neut | a putting together | W7 |
deponere | vb | to depone | W7 | |
praepositus | vb.ptc | posted in advance | W7 | |
propositus | adj/vb.ptc | open, exposed, accessible | W7 | |
suppono, supponere, supposui | vb | to suppose | W7 | |
Portuguese: | depois | adv | after | TLL |
Spanish: | después | adv | after | TLL |
punto | n.masc | point | W7 | |
Old French: | ab- | pfx | away from | W7 |
composte | n.fem | compote | W7 | |
provost | n.masc | provost | W7 | |
Middle French: | apo- | pfx | away from | W7 |
compondre | vb | to compound | W7 | |
composition | n.fem | composition | W7 | |
compost | n.masc | compost | W7 | |
disposer | vb | to arrange | W7 | |
expondre | vb | to expound | W7 | |
exposer | vb | to explain, set forth | W7 | |
imposer | vb | to impose | W7 | |
impost | n.masc | guardian | W7 | |
interposer | vb | to interpose, place between | W7 | |
positif | adj | positive | W7 | |
position | n.fem | position | W7 | |
poste | n.fem | relay station, courier | W7 | |
poste | n.masc | post | W7 | |
proposer | vb | to propose | W7 | |
supposer | vb | to suppose | W7 | |
transposer | vb | to transpose | W7 | |
French: | compote | n.fem | compote, stewed fruit | W7 |
depuis | adv | since | TLL | |
exposé | n.masc | explanation | W7 | |
exposer | vb | to expose, explain | W7 | |
imposte | n.masc | guardian | W7 | |
opposer | vb | to oppose | W7 | |
pastiche | n.masc | pastiche, imitation | W7 | |
pondre | vb | to lay an egg | W7 | |
ponte | n.fem | action of laying an egg | W7 | |
ponte | n.masc | point (in games); play against bank | W7 | |
ponter | vb | to mark a point (in games) | W7 | |
posture | n.fem | posture, position | W7 | |
propos | n.masc | purpose, intention | AHD | |
Old Italian: | porre | vb | to place | W7 |
posta | n.masc | relay station | W7 | |
posto | n.masc | courier | W7 | |
posto | n.masc | place at which a soldier is stationed | W7 | |
Italian: | da | prep | from, since | TLL |
dacchē | conj | since | TLL | |
dopo | adv | after | TLL | |
pasticcio | n.masc | pie, pasty, cake | W7 | |
postura | n.fem | place, site, situation | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | pa- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED |
po- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED | |
Lithuanian: | apa-čià | n | lower part | GED |
pa- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED | |
põ- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED | |
põ | prep | after, over, on | LRC | |
Latvian: | pamazām | adv | gradually, little by little | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | po- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED |
podъ | prep | under, underneath | LRC | |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | pa | prep | without | IEW |
prápë | adv | again | GED | |
Gheg: | pāfrujt | adj | barren, without fruit | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ἀπαγγέλλω | vb | to report | LRC |
ἀπαί | adv/prep | from, away | GED | |
ἀπο- | pfx | from, away | GED | |
ἀπό | adv/prep | from, away | GED | |
ἀπο-τέρω | adv | further removed | GED | |
ἀποτρόπαιος | adj | apotropaic | LS | |
apopheugein | vb | to flee | AHD | |
ἀποφῠγή | n.fem | apophyge; escape, place of refuge | AHD/LS | |
ἀπωτέρω | adv.comp | farther | GED/IEW | |
ἄφ | adv | anew | GED | |
Anatolian | ||||
Hittite: | appasiwatt- | n | day(s) after | GED |
Iranian | ||||
Old Persian: | apa | prep | from, away | GED |
apara | adj | other, behind, following | GED | |
apa-taram | adv.comp | farther | GED/IEW | |
Avestan: | apa | prep | from, away | GED |
aparam | adj | other, behind, following | GED | |
aparō | adj | other, behind, following | GED | |
pa-zdayeiti | vb | to frighten away | GED | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | ápa | adv | away | GED |
apataram | adv.comp | farther | GED/IEW | |
ápara- | adj | later | GED | |
aparám | adv | later | GED | |
ápākas | adv | from a distant place | GED | |
paśca | prep | after, behind | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
comp | = | comparative |
conj | = | conjunction |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
perf | = | perfect (aspect) |
pfx | = | prefix |
prep | = | preposition |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |