Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: apo-, pō̆, ap-u, pu 'off, out of, away from'
Semantic Field(s): to Depart, Go Away
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | a- | pfx | of, off | W7 |
| æf | prep | from, from...away | GED | |
| aeftan | adv | behind, from behind | W7 | |
| æfter, efter | adv/pfx/prep | then, after, behind | GED | |
| æfter-geōla | n.masc | January, lit. after-yule (month) | LRC | |
| af, of | prep | of, off, from | ASD | |
| afera, afara | n.wk.masc | son, heir, descendant | ASD | |
| be-æftan | prep/adv | after, behind; hereafter | AHD/ASD | |
| eafora, eaf(e)ra, eofera | n.wk.masc | son, heir, descendant | ASD/GED | |
| ebba | n | ebb | W7 | |
| eft | adv | thereupon, afterwards | LRC | |
| efterlið | n | July, lit. after-Lithe (month) | ASD | |
| prafost | n.masc | provost, officer | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | ab- | pfx | off, from | W7 |
| afte | adv | aft, back | W7 | |
| apo- | pfx | away from | W7 | |
| apposicioun | n | apposition | AHD | |
| awke | adj | turned the wrong way | W7 | |
| awkeward | adv | in the wrong direction | W7 | |
| baft | adv/prep | aft, behind, toward rear | AHD/W7 | |
| composicioun | n | composition | W7 | |
| compounen | vb | to compound | W7 | |
| disposen | vb | to dispose | W7 | |
| ebbe | n | ebb | W7 | |
| eft | adv | after | W7 | |
| eftsones | adv | eftsoons | W7 | |
| exposen | vb | to expose | W7 | |
| expounden | vb | to expound | W7 | |
| of | adv/pfx/prep | of, off | W7 | |
| offal | n | offal, by-product | W7 | |
| positive | adj | positive | W7 | |
| preposicioun | n | preposition | W7 | |
| proposen | vb | to propose | W7 | |
| provost | n | provost | W7 | |
| supposen | vb | to suppose | W7 | |
| transposen | vb | to transpose | W7 | |
| English: | ab- | pfx | off, from | AHD/W7 |
| abaft | adv/prep | aft, behind, toward rear/stern | AHD/W7 | |
| ablaut | n | systematic vowel variation in same/related root/affix | AHD/W7 | |
| abrupt | adj | broken off | AHD/W7 | |
| aft | adv | back, astern, toward rear | AHD/W7 | |
| aft | n | stern of ship | LRC | |
| after | adv | following | AHD/W7 | |
| Afterlithe | prop.n | Shire calendar's July in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| aftermath | n | rowen, unplowed stubble field, 2nd-growth crop | AHD/W7 | |
| Afteryule | prop.n | Shire calendar's January in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| apo- | pfx | away from | AHD/W7 | |
| apophyge | n | scape, outward curve of column where shaft joins base/capital | AHD | |
| apotropaic | adj | averting evil | AHD | |
| apposite | adj | apt, pertinent, appropriate | AHD/W7 | |
| apposition | n | placing opposite/adjacent/side-by-side | AHD | |
| apropos | adj | relevant, opportune, appropriate | AHD | |
| awkward | adj | unnatural, uncomfortable | AHD/W7 | |
| component | n | piece, member | AHD/W7 | |
| composite | adj | made of parts | AHD/W7 | |
| composition | n | tract, work, opus | AHD/W7 | |
| compost | n | organic fertilizer | AHD/W7 | |
| compote | n | fruit dessert bowel | AHD/W7 | |
| compound | adj | made of parts | AHD/W7 | |
| compound | vb | to augment, put together | AHD/W7 | |
| contrapposto | n | twisting of body in artwork | AHD | |
| depone | vb | to testify | AHD/W7 | |
| deposit | vb | to place, store | AHD/W7 | |
| dispose | vb | to get rid of | AHD/W7 | |
| ebb | n | tide's seaward flow | AHD/W7 | |
| eftsoons | adv | soon after | AHD/W7 | |
| exponent | n | expounder, interpreter | AHD/W7 | |
| expose | vb | to bring to light | AHD/W7 | |
| exposé | n | public exposure of vice | AHD/W7 | |
| expound | vb | to elaborate, set forth | AHD/W7 | |
| impose | vb | to establish by authority | AHD/W7 | |
| impost | n | tax | AHD/W7 | |
| interpose | vb | to intervene, put/come between | AHD/W7 | |
| juxtaposition | n | act/instance of placing objects side-by-side | AHD/W7 | |
| of | prep | from, regarding, belonging to | AHD/W7 | |
| off | adv | from, away | AHD/W7 | |
| offal | n | waste, animal viscera | AHD/W7 | |
| oppose | vb.trans | to defy, stand against | AHD/W7 | |
| pastiche | n | artistic/literary hodgepodge | AHD/W7 | |
| position | n | place, standing | AHD/W7 | |
| positive | adj | real, affirmative | AHD/W7 | |
| post- | pfx | after | AHD/W7 | |
| post | n | watch, station | AHD/W7 | |
| posterior | adj | rear | AHD/W7 | |
| postmeridian | adj | occurring after noon | AHD/W7 | |
| postmortem | adj | occurring after death | AHD | |
| postpartum | adj | re: period shortly after childbirth | AHD | |
| postprandial | adj | after meal/dinner | AHD | |
| postscript | n | note(s) appended to completed letter/article/book | AHD/W7 | |
| posture | n | bearing | AHD/W7 | |
| preposition | n | head of prepositional phrase | AHD/W7 | |
| preposterous | adj | absurd, unheard-of | AHD/W7 | |
| propose | vb | to suggest | AHD/W7 | |
| provost | n | academic administrative official | AHD/W7 | |
| punt | vb | to play against the bank | AHD/W7 | |
| reposit | vb.trans | to store, replace | AHD/W7 | |
| suppose | vb | to imagine; to ween | AHD/W7 | |
| transpose | vb.trans | to shift, exchange | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | ebba | n.neut | ebb | ASD |
| eft(a) | adv | then, behind, afterwards | ASD | |
| efter | prep | after, behind | GED | |
| of | prep | from, from...away | GED | |
| Middle Dutch: | ebbe | n | ebb | W7 |
| Dutch: | achter | prep | after | TLL |
| eb | n.fem | ebb | ASD | |
| van | prep | from | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | aƀaro | n.wk.masc | descendant | GED |
| af | prep | from, from...away | GED | |
| aftar | prep | after, behind | GED | |
| eft | adv | again | ASD | |
| Old High German: | ab | prep | from, from...away | GED |
| aba | adv/pfx/prep | off, from, from...away | GED | |
| abuh | adv | turned the wrong way | W7 | |
| abur | adv | again, a second time, on the other hand | GED | |
| aftar | adv/prep | after, behind | GED | |
| avar | adv | again, a second time, on the other hand | GED | |
| ebba | n.fem | ebb | ASD | |
| prōbist | n | provost, officer | ASD | |
| Middle High German: | ebbe | n.fem | ebb | ASD |
| German: | ab | adv | off, from, away | LRC |
| aber | conj | but | TLL | |
| Ablaut | n.masc | ablaut | W7 | |
| Ebbe | n.fem | ebb | ASD | |
| von | prep | from | TLL | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | af | prep | out of, from; with; concerning; because of | LRC |
| aptr | adv | back; aft | LRC | |
| eptir | prep | after, behind; for, to obtain; along; according to; in succession to | LRC | |
| ǫfugr | adj | turned the wrong way, backwards | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | af | prep | from, from...away | GED |
| afar- | adv | very | GED | |
| afr | n.str.masc | thin beer made from oats | GED | |
| aptr | prep | back, again | GED | |
| aur- | pfx | very | GED/IEW | |
| aur-falr | n.str.masc | lower socket of spear shaft | GED | |
| avar- | adv | very | GED | |
| Icelandic: | af | prep | of, off, from | ASD |
| prófastr | n | provost, officer | ASD | |
| Danish: | af | prep | of | TLL |
| agter | n | aft | TLL | |
| ebbe | n.masc/fem | ebb | ASD | |
| efter | prep | after | TLL | |
| Swedish: | akter | n | aft | TLL |
| av | prep | of | TLL | |
| ebb | n.masc | ebb | ASD | |
| efter | prep | after | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | af | prep | from, from...away, since; of | GED |
| afar | prep | after, according to | GED | |
| *afara | n.masc | descendant | GED | |
| afta | adv | back, behind | ASD | |
| aftra | prep | back, again | GED | |
| ufaro | prep | above | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Umbrian: | ab | prep | from | GED |
| ap- | prep | from | GED | |
| Old Latin: | po- | pfx | away | W7 |
| posinō, posinere | vb | to put, lay down | W7 | |
| Latin: | ab, abs-, ā- | adv/prep/pfx | from, away from, after | LRC |
| abrumpo, abrumpere | vb | to break off | W7 | |
| abruptus | vb.ptc | steep, abrupt | W7 | |
| adpositus | adj | apposite, suitable, placed near | CDC | |
| aperiō, aperīre, aperuī, apertum | vb | to open | LRC | |
| aperte | adv | openly | LRC | |
| appono, apponere, appositus | vb | to place near | W7 | |
| Aprilis | n | April | GED | |
| compōno, componere, composui, compositum | vb | to place, arrange | W7 | |
| compositio, compositiōnis | n.fem | composition, arrangement | W7 | |
| compostus, composta, compostum | vb.ptc | settled, placed | W7 | |
| depono, deponere, depositus | vb | to depose, stop | W7 | |
| dispono, disponere, disposui | vb | to arrange | W7 | |
| expono, exponere, exposui | vb | to set forth, explain | W7 | |
| impono, imponere, imposui, impositus | vb | to put, set up | W7 | |
| interpono, interponere, imposui | vb | to place in between | W7 | |
| oppono, opponere, opposui | vb | to oppose | W7 | |
| pōnō, pōnere, pōsuī, pōsitus | vb | to put, place, lay down | W7 | |
| positio, positionis | n.fem | position | W7 | |
| positivus | adj | positive | W7 | |
| positura | n.fem | posture | W7 | |
| positus | vb.perf.ptc | situated | GED | |
| post | adv/pfx/prep | after, behind | W7 | |
| posterior | adj.comp | coming after | W7 | |
| posterus | adj | coming after | W7 | |
| praepono, praeponere, praepositus | vb | to place at the head | W7 | |
| praepositio, praepositionis | n.fem | preposition | W7 | |
| praeposterus | adj | with the hindside in front | W7 | |
| propono, proponere, proposui | vb | to propose, put forth | W7 | |
| punctum | n.neut | point, vote, small overture | W7 | |
| repono, reponere, repositus | vb | to replace | W7 | |
| transpono, transponere, transposui | vb | to put somewhere else | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | compostum | n.neut | a putting together | W7 |
| deponere | vb | to depone | W7 | |
| praepositus | vb.ptc | posted in advance | W7 | |
| propositus | adj/vb.ptc | open, exposed, accessible | W7 | |
| suppono, supponere, supposui | vb | to suppose | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | depois | adv | after | TLL |
| Spanish: | después | adv | after | TLL |
| punto | n.masc | point | W7 | |
| Old French: | ab- | pfx | away from | W7 |
| composte | n.fem | compote | W7 | |
| provost | n.masc | provost | W7 | |
| Middle French: | apo- | pfx | away from | W7 |
| compondre | vb | to compound | W7 | |
| composition | n.fem | composition | W7 | |
| compost | n.masc | compost | W7 | |
| disposer | vb | to arrange | W7 | |
| expondre | vb | to expound | W7 | |
| exposer | vb | to explain, set forth | W7 | |
| imposer | vb | to impose | W7 | |
| impost | n.masc | guardian | W7 | |
| interposer | vb | to interpose, place between | W7 | |
| positif | adj | positive | W7 | |
| position | n.fem | position | W7 | |
| poste | n.fem | relay station, courier | W7 | |
| poste | n.masc | post | W7 | |
| proposer | vb | to propose | W7 | |
| supposer | vb | to suppose | W7 | |
| transposer | vb | to transpose | W7 | |
| French: | compote | n.fem | compote, stewed fruit | W7 |
| depuis | adv | since | TLL | |
| exposé | n.masc | explanation | W7 | |
| exposer | vb | to expose, explain | W7 | |
| imposte | n.masc | guardian | W7 | |
| opposer | vb | to oppose | W7 | |
| pastiche | n.masc | pastiche, imitation | W7 | |
| pondre | vb | to lay an egg | W7 | |
| ponte | n.fem | action of laying an egg | W7 | |
| ponte | n.masc | point (in games); play against bank | W7 | |
| ponter | vb | to mark a point (in games) | W7 | |
| posture | n.fem | posture, position | W7 | |
| propos | n.masc | purpose, intention | AHD | |
| Old Italian: | porre | vb | to place | W7 |
| posta | n.masc | relay station | W7 | |
| posto | n.masc | courier | W7 | |
| posto | n.masc | place at which a soldier is stationed | W7 | |
| Italian: | da | prep | from, since | TLL |
| dacchē | conj | since | TLL | |
| dopo | adv | after | TLL | |
| pasticcio | n.masc | pie, pasty, cake | W7 | |
| postura | n.fem | place, site, situation | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | pa- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED |
| po- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED | |
| Lithuanian: | apa-čià | n | lower part | GED |
| pa- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED | |
| põ- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED | |
| põ | prep | after, over, on | LRC | |
| Latvian: | pamazām | adv | gradually, little by little | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | po- | vb.pfx | (away) | GED |
| podъ | prep | under, underneath | LRC | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | pa | prep | without | IEW |
| prápë | adv | again | GED | |
| Gheg: | pāfrujt | adj | barren, without fruit | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀπαγγέλλω | vb | to report | LRC |
| ἀπαί | adv/prep | from, away | GED | |
| ἀπο- | pfx | from, away | GED | |
| ἀπό | adv/prep | from, away | GED | |
| ἀπο-τέρω | adv | further removed | GED | |
| ἀποτρόπαιος | adj | apotropaic | LS | |
| apopheugein | vb | to flee | AHD | |
| ἀποφῠγή | n.fem | apophyge; escape, place of refuge | AHD/LS | |
| ἀπωτέρω | adv.comp | farther | GED/IEW | |
| ἄφ | adv | anew | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | appasiwatt- | n | day(s) after | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | apa | prep | from, away | GED |
| apara | adj | other, behind, following | GED | |
| apa-taram | adv.comp | farther | GED/IEW | |
| Avestan: | apa | prep | from, away | GED |
| aparam | adj | other, behind, following | GED | |
| aparō | adj | other, behind, following | GED | |
| pa-zdayeiti | vb | to frighten away | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ápa | adv | away | GED |
| apataram | adv.comp | farther | GED/IEW | |
| ápara- | adj | later | GED | |
| aparám | adv | later | GED | |
| ápākas | adv | from a distant place | GED | |
| paśca | prep | after, behind | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| comp | = | comparative |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| perf | = | perfect (aspect) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
