Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: ar(e)-g̑-, arg̑-?, r̥g̑i- 'white, argent, glittering'
Semantic Field(s): White
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | airget | n | silver, coin | GED |
| argat | n | silver, coin | GED | |
| Irish: | airgiod | n | silver, money | CDC |
| arg | adj | white, argent | CDC | |
| Welsh: | ariant | n | silver | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | eorc(n)an-stān, eorcen-stān | n.str.masc | jewel, precious stone, lit. silver-stone | ASD |
| Middle English: | agrimony | n | agrimony | W7 |
| argent | n/adj | argent | W7 | |
| argentine | adj | argentine | AHD | |
| argil | n | argil | W7 | |
| argu(w)en | vb | to argue | CDC/W7 | |
| litharge | n | litharge | W7 | |
| English: | agrimony | n | yellow-flowered herb in rose family | AHD/W7 |
| argent | adj/n | silver-white | AHD/W7 | |
| argentine | adj | silvery, re: silver | AHD | |
| argentite | n | silver ore | AHD | |
| argil | n | potter's clay | AHD/W7 | |
| arginine | n | crystalline basic amino acid | AHD/W7 | |
| Argive | prop.adj/n | re: Argos; Argos inhabitant | CDC | |
| Argo | prop.n | Jason's ship Swift (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| Argonaut | prop.n | Argo crewmember seeking Golden Fleece (Greek mythology) | AHD | |
| Argos | prop.n | historic capital of Argolis | CDC | |
| argue | vb | to declare, dispute | AHD/W7 | |
| Arkenstone | prop.n | Thorin's precious stone in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| litharge | n | fused lead monoxide | AHD/W7 | |
| pyrargyrite | n | type of silver ore | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | erchan | adj | right, genuine | GED |
| German: | arginin | n | arginine (amino acid) | W7 |
| pyrargyrit | n | type of silver ore | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | iarkna-steinn | n.masc | precious stone | ASD |
| Old Icelandic: | jarkna-steinn | n.str.masc | jewel, lit. silver-stone | GED |
| jar-tegn | n | omen | GED | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | airknis | adj | good, holy | ASD |
| airkniþa | n.fem | genuineness | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | aragetom | adj/n | white; silver | CDC |
| Latin: | argemōnia, agrimōnia | n | agrimony | AHD |
| argenteus | adj | argent | ELD | |
| argentīnus | adj | argentine | AHD | |
| argentum | n.neut | silver, money | GED | |
| argilla | n.fem | argil, white clay | W7 | |
| Argivus | adj | re: Argos | CDC | |
| Argivus | n | Argive | CDC | |
| Argō | prop.n | Argo | AHD | |
| Argonauta | prop.n | Argonaut | AHD | |
| arguo, arguere | vb | to argue, disclose, make clear | W7 | |
| argūtor, argūtari | vb.dep | to chatter | W7 | |
| argutus | adj | clear, noisy | W7 | |
| Old French: | aigremoine | n | agrimony | AHD |
| argent | n | argent | AHD | |
| argentin | adj | argentine | AHD | |
| arguer | vb | to argue | CDC | |
| Middle French: | aigremoine | n.fem | agrimony | W7 |
| argent | n.masc | silver, money | W7 | |
| arguer | vb | to argue, accuse, reason | W7 | |
| litharge | n.masc | lead monoxyde | W7 | |
| French: | argent | adj/n | argent, silver, money | |
| argile | n | argil | CDC | |
| arguer | vb | to argue | CDC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἀργι-κέραυνος | adj | with bright lightning | GED |
| ἀργός | adj | white, bright, shining; swift | GED | |
| Ἀργώ | prop.n.fem | Argo, lit. Swift | LS | |
| Greek: | Ἀργεῖος | n.masc | Argive | LRC |
| argemōnē | n.fem | poppy, agrimony | AHD/W7 | |
| ἀργής | adj | white, gleaming | GED | |
| ἄργιλλος | n.fem | argil, white clay | CDC | |
| Argonautēs | prop.n | Argonaut | AHD | |
| ἀργύρεος | adj | silver | LRC | |
| ἄργυρος | n.masc | silver, white/bright metal | GED | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | harkis | adj | white | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | arcat' | n | coin, silver | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | (a)rdata | n | silver | GED |
| Avestan: | arəząh | n | brightness | GED |
| ərəzatam | adj | silver-colored | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | árjunas | adj | bright, silver-white; pure | GED |
| rajata | adj/n | white; silver | CDC | |
| rajatám | adj | silver-colored | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian B: | ārkwi | adj | white | GED |
| Tocharian A: | ārki | adj | white | GED |
| ārkyant | n | silver | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dep | = | deponent |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| ELD | = | Charlton T. Lewis: An Elementary Latin Dictionary (1999) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
