Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: areq- 'to lock, guard, protect'
Semantic Field(s): to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | airc | n | ark | CDC |
| Gaelic: | airc | n | ark | CDC |
| Welsh: | arch | n | ark | CDC |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | (e)arc, erc, earce | n.fem | ark | ASD/CDC |
| orc | n.masc | ogre, demon, monster; infernal region(s) | ASD | |
| *orcen | n | demon, evil spirit; sea monster | ASD | |
| Northumbrian: | arc, ærc | n | ark | CDC |
| Middle English: | ark(e) | n | ark | CDC |
| exercise | n | exercise | W7 | |
| orke | n | ogre | OED | |
| English: | arcane | adj | esoteric | AHD/W7 |
| ark | n | (holy) chest, box, coffer; sacred boat | AHD/W7 | |
| autarky | n | self-sufficiency | AHD/W7 | |
| coerce | vb.trans | to compel by threat | AHD/W7 | |
| exercise | n | use, bringing into play | AHD/W7 | |
| orc | n | large goblin in Tolkien: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Orcrist | prop.n | sword (Goblin-Cleaver) in Tolkien: The Hobbit | LRC | |
| Orcus | prop.n | god of death (Roman mythology) | W2I | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | erke | n | ark | CDC |
| Dutch: | ark | n.fem | ark | ASD/CDC |
| Old High German: | arahha, archa, arka | n | ark | CDC/W7 |
| Middle High German: | arche | n.fem | ark | ASD/CDC |
| German: | arche | n | ark | CDC |
| autarkie | n | self-sufficiency | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | örk | n.fem | ark | ASD |
| Icelandic: | örk | n | ark | CDC |
| Danish: | ark | n | ark | CDC |
| Swedish: | ark | n | ark | CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | arka | n | ark | CDC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | arca | n.fem | ark | CDC |
| arcanus | adj | secret | W7 | |
| arceo, arcēre | vb | to keep, shut up, enclose, defend | W7 | |
| arx, arcis | n.fem | citadel, fortress | LRC | |
| coerceo, coercēre | vb | to enclose, restrain, keep in order | W7 | |
| exerceo, exercēre, exercitus | vb | to drive on, keep busy | W7 | |
| exercitium | n.neut | training, exercise | W7 | |
| Orcus | prop.n.masc | Orcus | IEW | |
| Portuguese: | arca | n | ark | CDC |
| Spanish: | arca | n | ark | CDC |
| huerco | n | demon, monster; shade of dying person | LRC | |
| Old French: | arche | n | ark | CDC |
| Middle French: | exercice | n.masc | exercise | W7 |
| French: | arche | n | ark | CDC |
| Provençal: | archa | n | ark | CDC |
| Italian: | arca | n | ark | CDC |
| orco | n | giant, demon, monster | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | raka | n.fem | coffin, sepulchre | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀρκεῐν | vb | to keep/ward off, suffice | CDC |
| autarkeia | n.fem | autarky | W7 | |
| autarkēs | adj | self-sufficient | W7 | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | argelum | vb | to deny, hinder, prohibit | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
