Indo-European Lexicon

PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes

Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.

Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.

All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.

Pokorny Etymon: areq-   'to lock, guard, protect'

Semantic Field(s): to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe

 

Indo-European Reflexes:

Family/Language Reflex(es) PoS/Gram. Gloss Source(s)
Celtic  
Irish: airc n ark CDC
Gaelic: airc n ark CDC
Welsh: arch n ark CDC
English  
Old English: (e)arc, erc, earce n.fem ark ASD/CDC
orc n.masc ogre, demon, monster; infernal region(s) ASD
*orcen n demon, evil spirit; sea monster ASD
Northumbrian: arc, ærc n ark CDC
Middle English: ark(e) n ark CDC
exercise n exercise W7
orke n ogre OED
English: arcane adj esoteric AHD/W7
ark n (holy) chest, box, coffer; sacred boat AHD/W7
autarky n self-sufficiency AHD/W7
coerce vb.trans to compel by threat AHD/W7
exercise n use, bringing into play AHD/W7
orc n large goblin in Tolkien: The Hobbit, The Lord of the Rings LRC
Orcrist prop.n sword (Goblin-Cleaver) in Tolkien: The Hobbit LRC
Orcus prop.n god of death (Roman mythology) W2I
West Germanic  
Old Frisian: erke n ark CDC
Dutch: ark n.fem ark ASD/CDC
Old High German: arahha, archa, arka n ark CDC/W7
Middle High German: arche n.fem ark ASD/CDC
German: arche n ark CDC
autarkie n self-sufficiency W7
North Germanic  
Old Norse: örk n.fem ark ASD
Icelandic: örk n ark CDC
Danish: ark n ark CDC
Swedish: ark n ark CDC
East Germanic  
Gothic: arka n ark CDC
Italic  
Latin: arca n.fem ark CDC
arcanus adj secret W7
arceo, arcēre vb to keep, shut up, enclose, defend W7
arx, arcis n.fem citadel, fortress LRC
coerceo, coercēre vb to enclose, restrain, keep in order W7
exerceo, exercēre, exercitus vb to drive on, keep busy W7
exercitium n.neut training, exercise W7
Orcus prop.n.masc Orcus IEW
Portuguese: arca n ark CDC
Spanish: arca n ark CDC
huerco n demon, monster; shade of dying person LRC
Old French: arche n ark CDC
Middle French: exercice n.masc exercise W7
French: arche n ark CDC
Provençal: archa n ark CDC
Italian: arca n ark CDC
orco n giant, demon, monster LRC
Slavic  
Old Church Slavonic: raka n.fem coffin, sepulchre LRC
Hellenic  
Greek: ἀρκεῐν vb to keep/ward off, suffice CDC
autarkeia n.fem autarky W7
autarkēs adj self-sufficient W7
Armenian  
Classical Armenian: argelum vb to deny, hinder, prohibit LRC

 

Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:

Abbrev. Meaning
adj=adjective
fem=feminine (gender)
masc=masculine (gender)
n=noun
neut=neuter (gender)
prop=proper
trans=transitive
vb=verb

Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):

Code Citation
AHD=Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000)
ASD=Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898)
CDC=W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911)
IEW=Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959)
LRC=Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin
OED=James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933)
W2I=Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959)
W7=Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963)

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