Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: arqu- 'arc, arch, something bent'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ar(e)we | n.fem | arrow | ASD/CDC |
| earh | n.str.fem | arrow | GED | |
| Middle English: | arch(e) | n | arch | W7 |
| archer(e), archier | n | archer | CDC/W7 | |
| ark | n | arc | W7 | |
| arw(e), aro(w), aru(we), arewe | n | arrow | CDC/W7 | |
| English: | arc | n | curve | AHD/W7 |
| arcade | n | arched roofed (part of) building | AHD | |
| arch | n | curved liminal frame | AHD/W7 | |
| archer | n | bowman | AHD/W7 | |
| arciform | adj | arc-shaped | AHD/W7 | |
| arcuate | adj | bow-curved | AHD/W7 | |
| arrow | n | missile from bow | AHD/W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | ǫr, ǫrvar | n.str.fem | arrow | GED |
| Icelandic: | ör | n | arrow | CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *arƕazna | n.fem | dart, arrow | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Old Latin: | arquī | n.masc.gen | bow | GED |
| arqui-tonens | n.masc | archer | GED | |
| Latin: | arcuo, arcuāre, arcuāvī, arcuātus | vb | to bend like bow | W7 |
| arcus | n.masc | arc, bow; arch, vault | GED | |
| arquus | n.masc | arc, bow | CDC | |
| Vulgar Latin: | arca | n.fem | arch | W7 |
| Late Latin: | arcarius | n.masc | archer | W7 |
| arcuarius | adj | re: bow | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | archia | n.fem | arch | CDC |
| Portuguese: | arco | n | arc | CDC |
| arqueiro | n | archer | CDC | |
| Spanish: | arco | n | arc | CDC |
| arquero | n | archer | CDC | |
| Old French: | arc | n.masc | arc, bow | CDC |
| arche | n.fem | arch, architectural element of a building | W7 | |
| arch(i)er | n.masc | archer | CDC/W7 | |
| French: | arc | n | arc | CDC |
| arcade | n | arcade | AHD | |
| arche | n.fem | arch, architectural element of building | CDC | |
| archer | n | archer | CDC | |
| Old Occitan: | arc | n | arc | CDC |
| arquier, archier | n | archer | CDC | |
| Italian: | arcata | n | arcade | AHD |
| arciere | n | archer | CDC | |
| arco | n | arc | CDC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | ẽrcis | n | juniper | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Czech: | rokyta | n | kind of willow | GED |
| Russian: | rakíta | n | kind of willow | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἄρκευθος | n | juniper | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| gen | = | genitive (case) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
