Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 4. au-, u- : u̯ē̆-, u̯o- 'other; that (one)'
Semantic Field(s): Like, Similar, to Separate
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ēac | adv/conj | eke, and, even, moreover | LRC |
| Middle English: | ec, eek, ek(e) | adv/conj | eke, and | CDC |
| English: | auto- | pfx | self, by itself | TLL |
| auto | n | car, automobile | LRC | |
| automobile | n | 4-wheel automotive passenger vehicle | W7 | |
| automotive | adj | self-propelled | W7 | |
| eke | adv | also | AHD/W7 | |
| ossia | conj | or else | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | āk, oke | conj | eke, and | ASD/GED |
| Frisian: | (e)ak | conj | eke, and | ASD |
| Dutch: | ook | conj | eke, and | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | ōk | conj | eke, and | GED |
| Low German: | āk, ōk, auk | conj | eke, and | CDC |
| Old High German: | ou(c)h | conj | eke, and | CDC |
| Middle High German: | ouch | conj | eke, and | CDC |
| German: | auch | conj | eke, and | CDC |
| Auto | n.neut | auto | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | auk, ōk | conj | eke, and | ASD |
| Old Icelandic: | auk, ok | conj | eke, and | GED |
| Icelandic: | og | conj | and | ASD |
| Danish: | og | conj | eke, and | CDC |
| Swedish: | och, ock | conj | eke, and | ASD/CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | áuk | conj | eke; but, for, because | GED |
| -u | int.sfx/pcl | [clause-initial enclitic] | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | aut(i) | conj | but, again | GED |
| Umbrian: | ote, ute | conj | but; or | GED |
| Latin: | au | adv | away | GED |
| aut | conj | or | GED | |
| autem | conj | but, again | GED | |
| sive | conj | or if, whether...or | LRC | |
| -ve | conj.sfx | or | LRC | |
| vel | conj | either/or | LRC | |
| Portuguese: | ou | conj | either, or | TLL |
| Spanish: | o | conj | either, or | TLL |
| French: | auto | n | auto | TLL |
| ou | conj | either, or | TLL | |
| Italian: | o | conj | either, or | TLL |
| ossia | conj | or else, that is | AHD | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | ovъ | dem.pron | this one here, that one there | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Ionic: | αὖτις | adv | again | GED |
| Greek: | αυ | pcl | again | LRC |
| αὖ | adv | again, further | GED | |
| αὖγε | adv | again | GED | |
| αὖθις | adv/conj | again; but | GED | |
| αὖτε | adv/conj | then, again; but | GED | |
| αὖτιν | adv | again | GED | |
| αὔτις | adv | again | LRC | |
| αὖτις | adv/conj | again; but | GED | |
| αὐτός | pron | he, oneself | LRC | |
| ἑαυτός | refl.pron | himself | LRC | |
| ἑαυτοῦ | refl.pron | oneself | LRC | |
| ἡύτε | adv | just as | GED | |
| οὗτος | dem.pron | this | LRC | |
| οὔτω, οὕτως | adv | thus | LRC | |
| πάνυ | adv | very much | GED | |
| σἑαυτοῦ | refl.pron | yourself | LRC | |
| τοσοῦτος, τοιοῦτος | adj/pron | such | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Old Persian: | ava- | dem.pfx | that, yonder | GED |
| Avestan: | ava- | dem.pfx | that, yonder | GED |
| ută | conj | eke, and | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | ava- | dem.pfx | that, yonder | GED |
| u | conj | and, also; but | GED | |
| utá | conj | and, but, also | GED | |
| ū | conj | and, also | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian A: | oki | conj | as, and | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| dem | = | demonstrative |
| int | = | interrogative (mood) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pcl | = | particle |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| refl | = | reflexive |
| sfx | = | suffix |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
