Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: au̯eg-, u̯ōg-, aug-, ug- 'to augment, increase, magnify'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | Augustus | prop.n.masc | August, Augustus | ASD/W7 |
| ēacen | adj/vb.ptc | large | GED | |
| ēacian | vb.wk | to abound | GED | |
| ēcan, ī(e)can, ǣcan, ȳc(e)an | vb.wk | to eke, augment | ASD/GED | |
| weaxan, wēox, wēoxon, wēaxen | vb.str.VII | to wax, grow | LRC | |
| wōcor | n.fem | increase, usury | GED | |
| wuduweaxe | n | woodwaxen | W7 | |
| Middle English: | auctorisen | vb | to authorize | AHD |
| auctorite | n | authority | MEV | |
| auctour | n | author | W7 | |
| augmenten | vb | to augment | W7 | |
| augur | n | augur | CDC | |
| August | prop.n | August | W7 | |
| auto(u)r | n | author | CDC | |
| auxillary | adj | auxiliary | AHD | |
| eken | vb | to eke, augment | W7 | |
| ekename | n | nickname | W7 | |
| nekename | n | nickname, additional name | W7 | |
| waxen, wexen | vb | to wax | CDC | |
| wodewexen | n | woodwaxen | W7 | |
| English: | auction | n | public property sale to highest bidder | AHD/W7 |
| augend | n | quantity to which addend is added | AHD/W7 | |
| augment | vb | to enlarge, increase | AHD/W7 | |
| augur | n | official diviner in ancient Rome | AHD/W7 | |
| augur | vb | to predict/foretell (esp. from omens) | W7 | |
| augury | n | divination from omens/portents | W7 | |
| August | prop.n | 8th month (in Gregorian calendar) | TLL | |
| august | adj | marked by majestic grandeur/dignity | AHD/W7 | |
| Augustus | prop.n | 1st Roman Emperor (27 BC - AD 14) | TLL | |
| author | n | writer, composer | AHD/W7 | |
| authority | n | expert, original author; citation, testimony | W7 | |
| authorize | vb | to sanction, empower, invest with legal force | AHD/W7 | |
| auxesis | n | growth | AHD/W7 | |
| auxiliary | adj | aiding, offering/providing help | AHD/W7 | |
| auxin | n | organic substance able to promote plant growth | AHD/W7 | |
| eke | vb.trans | to increase, lengthen | AHD/W7 | |
| inaugurate | vb.trans | to begin, induct into office | AHD/W7 | |
| nickname | n | descriptive short name/tag | AHD/W7 | |
| waist | n | body region between hips and belly | AHD/W7 | |
| wax | vb.intrans | to grow (large/strong), increase | AHD/W7 | |
| woodwaxen | n | low bushy Eurasian leguminous shrub | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | authorise | vb | to authorize | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | āken | vb.str.past.ptc | grown, pregnant | GED |
| waxa | vb.str | to wax, grow | GED | |
| wōker | n.str | interest | GED | |
| Dutch: | wassen | vb | to wax | CDC |
| Old Saxon: | ōkan | vb.str.past.ptc | grown, pregnant | GED |
| ōkian | vb.wk | to eke | GED | |
| wahsan | vb.str | to wax, grow | GED | |
| Old Low German: | wahsan | vb | to wax, grow | ASD |
| Old High German: | ouhhōn, auhhōn | vb.wk | to eke, add | ASD/GED |
| wahsan | vb.str | to wax, grow | GED | |
| wahst | n.str.masc/fem | growth, stature | GED | |
| wuohhar, wuochar | n.str | yield, gain, fruit, increase | ASD/GED | |
| Middle High German: | wahsen | vb | to wax | CDC |
| German: | Auktion | n.fem | auction | LRC |
| Autor | n.masc | author | LRC | |
| wachsen | vb | to wax | CDC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | auka | vb.str | to eke, add | GED |
| auki | n | increase | LRC | |
| vaxa | vb | to wax, grow | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | auka | vb.str | to eke | GED |
| ōkr | n.neut | interest, usury | GED | |
| vaxa | vb.str | to wax, grow | GED | |
| vexa | vb.wk | to cause to grow | GED | |
| vǫxtr | n.masc | growth, stature | GED | |
| Icelandic: | vaxa | vb | to wax, grow | ASD |
| Danish: | voxe | vb | to wax | CDC |
| Swedish: | växa | vb | to wax | CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *aukan | vb.str.VII | to eke | GED |
| wahsjan | vb.str.VI | to wax, grow | GED | |
| wahstus | n.str.masc | size, stature; growth | GED | |
| *wokrs | n.masc | fruit, offspring, increase, interest | ASD/GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | auctio, auctionis | n.fem | increase | W7 |
| auctor | n.masc | author, promoter, originator | W7 | |
| auctus | vb.perf.ptc | increased | GED | |
| augendus | ger | in order to increase | W7 | |
| augeo, augēre, auxi, auctum | vb | to eke, increase | GED | |
| augmentum | n.neut | growth, increase, augmentation | GED | |
| augur | n.masc.fem | seer, augur | W7 | |
| augurium, augurii | n.masc | augury, interpretation of omens | LRC | |
| auguro, augurare | vb | to augur | W7 | |
| Augustus | prop.n | Augustus, a.k.a. Octavian | TLL | |
| Augustus | prop.n | August, 6th month (in Julian calendar) | W7 | |
| augustus | adj/vb.ptc | august, noble, exalted; holy, consecrated | CLD/GED | |
| auxiliaris | adj | auxiliary | W7 | |
| auxilium | n.neut | help, aid | GED | |
| Late Latin: | augmento, augmentāre | vb | to augment | W7 |
| augmentum | n.neut | increase | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | auctōrizāre | vb | to authorize | AHD |
| New Latin: | auxesis | n.fem | growth | W7 |
| Portuguese: | agosto | prop.n | August | TLL |
| augmentar | vb | to augment | CDC | |
| augusto | adj | august | CDC | |
| autor | n | author | CDC | |
| Spanish: | agosto | prop.n | August | TLL |
| augusto | adj | august | CDC | |
| autor | n | author | CDC | |
| Old French: | au(c)torité | n | authority | MEV |
| augmenter | vb | to augment | CDC | |
| autor, auteur | n | author | CDC | |
| autoriser | vb | to authorize | AHD | |
| Old North French: | auctour | n.masc | author | W7 |
| Anglo-French: | autour | n | author | CDC |
| Middle French: | augmenter | vb | to augment | W7 |
| French: | août | prop.n | August | TLL |
| auguste | adj | august | CDC | |
| auteur | n | author | CDC | |
| Old Occitan: | auctor, actor | n | author | CDC |
| Italian: | agosto | prop.n | August | TLL |
| augusto | adj | august | CDC | |
| aumentare | vb | to augment | CDC | |
| autore | n | author | CDC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | aucktai-rikijskan | n.acc | government | GED |
| auginnons | vb.act.past.ptc | raised | GED | |
| Lithuanian: | augìnti | vb | to bring up | GED |
| augmuõ | n | growth | GED | |
| áugti | vb | to grow | GED | |
| áukštas | adj | high | GED | |
| Latvian: | aúgsts | adj | high | GED |
| augsts | adj | high, chief | LRC | |
| aûgt | vb | to grow | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | ἀ(Ϝ)έξω | vb | to increase | GED |
| Greek: | ἀέξομαι | vb | to grow | GED |
| Αὐγούστος | n.masc | Augustus | LRC | |
| αὐξάνω | vb | to increase | GED | |
| auxēsis | n.fem | increase, growth | W7 | |
| αὖξις | n | growth | GED | |
| αὔξω | vb | to increase | GED | |
| ἀ(Ϝ)έξω | vb | to increase | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | awčan | n | aid, protection | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | aojō | n | strength | GED |
| ugra- | adj | strong | GED | |
| uχšyeiti | vb | to grow | GED | |
| vaχšaiti | vb | to cause to grow | GED | |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | úkṣati | vb | to grow, strengthen | GED |
| ugrás | adj | powerful | GED | |
| ójas | n | strength | GED | |
| ójma | n | strength | GED | |
| vákṣaṇam | n | strengthening | GED | |
| vakṣáyati | vb | to increase | GED | |
| vavákṣa | vb.perf | grown | GED | |
| Tocharian | ||||
| Tocharian: | okar | n | growth | GED |
| oko | n | fruit | GED | |
| Tocharian B: | aukšu | adj | old | GED |
| Tocharian A: | oks- | vb | to grow | GED |
| oksiš | vb | to grow | GED | |
| okšu | adj | old | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| VI | = | class 6 |
| VII | = | class 7 |
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| act | = | active (voice) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| ger | = | gerund(ive) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| perf | = | perfect (aspect) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CLD | = | Cassell's Latin Dictionary (1959, rev. 1968) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
