Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: au̯es- 'to shine'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | earendel, earendil | n.masc | ray, shining light, morning star | ASD |
| eást(a) | n.masc | the east | ASD | |
| eástan, eásten, ēsten | adv | eastward, from the east | ASD | |
| eást(an), eásten | adj | east, easterly | ASD | |
| ēaster-mōnaþ | n.masc | April, lit. Easter-month | ASD | |
| ēastern(e) | adj | eastern | ASD/W7 | |
| ēastre | n.neut | Easter | ASD/W7 | |
| ēast-we(a)rd | adv | eastward | ASD | |
| Middle English: | aureat | adj | aureate | W7 |
| aureole | n | heavenly crown worn by saints | W7 | |
| aurora | n | aurora: dawn | AHD | |
| est | n | east | W7 | |
| estern, easter | adj | eastern | W7 | |
| estre | n | Easter | W7 | |
| orfrey | n | orphrey | W7 | |
| oriflamble | n | oriflamme | W7 | |
| orpiment | n | orpiment | W7 | |
| English: | Astron | prop.n | Shire calendar's April in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC |
| aureate | adj | of golden color/brilliance | AHD/W7 | |
| aureole | n | nimbus, sacred radiant light (in art) | AHD/W7 | |
| auric | adj | re: gold (esp. when trivalent) | AHD/W7 | |
| auriferous | adj | gold-bearing | AHD/W7 | |
| aurora | n | dawn; arches/streamers of light in night sky | LRC | |
| dariole | n | small cooking mold | AHD | |
| dory | n | small flat-bottomed fishing boat | AHD/CDC | |
| Eärendil | prop.n | morning/evening star in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| east | adv/adj | eastward; re: the east | W7 | |
| east | n | general direction of sunrise | AHD/W7 | |
| Eastemnet | prop.n | eastern Rohan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Easter | prop.n | Christian feast commemorating Christ's Resurrection | LRC | |
| Easterlings | prop.n.pl | Gondor enemies in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| eastern | adj | re: the east | AHD/W7 | |
| Eastfarthing | prop.n | Shire quadrant in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Eastfold | prop.n | Rohan district in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Eastlands | prop.n | Easterling lands in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| eastward | adv | to/toward the east | ||
| eo- | pfx | oldest, earliest | AHD/W7 | |
| Eos | prop.n | goddess of dawn (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| eosin | n | red fluorescent dye | AHD/W7 | |
| moidore | n | former Brazilian/Portuguese gold coin | AHD | |
| or | n | heraldic gold/yellow color | AHD/W7 | |
| oriflamme | n | inspirational banner/symbol | AHD/W7 | |
| oriole | n | Old World passerine bird | AHD/W7 | |
| ormolu | n | brass resembling gold, lit. ground gold | AHD/W7 | |
| oroide | n | alloy resembling gold used in cheap jewelry | AHD/W7 | |
| orphrey | n | elaborate embroidery | AHD/W7 | |
| orpiment | n | orange/yellow arsenic trisulfide (used as pigment) | AHD/W7 | |
| ostmark | n | E German monetary unit | AHD | |
| Ostrogoth | prop.n | eastern Goth | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | aesta, āsta | adv | east | CDC |
| Frisian: | āsta | adv | east | CDC |
| Dutch: | oost | adv | east | CDC |
| oosten | n | east | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | ōstan, ōstana | adv | east | CDC |
| Middle Low German: | osten(e) | adv | east | CDC |
| Old High German: | Orendil, Erentil | prop.n | medieval hero, lit. luminous wanderer | IEW |
| ōstana | adv | east | CDC | |
| ōstar | adv | to the east | W7 | |
| ōstarun | n.pl | Easter | W7 | |
| ōstrōni | adj | eastern | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | ōsten(e) | adv | east | CDC |
| German: | osten | adv | east | CDC |
| Ostern | n.fem | Easter | LRC | |
| Langobardic: | Auriwandalo | prop.n | Lombardic prince, lit. luminous wanderer | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | Aurvandil | prop.n | Prose Edda hero, lit. luminous wanderer | ICE |
| austan | adv | east | LRC | |
| austmaðr | n.masc | Easterner, Norwegian | LRC | |
| Austri | prop.n.masc | East | LRC | |
| Icelandic: | austr | adv | east | CDC |
| Danish: | öst(er) | adv | east | CDC |
| Swedish: | öster | adv | east | CDC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | aureolus, aureola, aureolum | adj.dim | golden, aureate | W7 |
| aureus, aurea, aureum | adj | golden, aureate | LRC | |
| aurifer | adj | producing gold | W7 | |
| auripigmentum | n.neut | orpiment | W7 | |
| Aurora | prop.n.fem | goddess of dawn | W7 | |
| aurora | n.fem | dawn | W7 | |
| aurum | n.neut | gold | W7 | |
| Phrygius | adj | Phrygian | W7 | |
| pigmentum | n.neut | paint, colors to paint with | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | aureatus | adj | aureate, adorned with gold | CDC |
| Ostrogothi | n.masc.pl | the Ostrogoths | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | aureatus | adj | decorated with gold | W7 |
| aureola | n.fem | aureole | W7 | |
| aurifrigium | n.neut | orphrey | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | este | adv | east | CDC |
| ouro | n | gold | TLL | |
| Spanish: | este | adv | east | CDC |
| oro | n | gold | TLL | |
| Old French: | (h)est | adv | east | CDC |
| Middle French: | or | n.masc | gold | W7 |
| orfreis | n.fem | orphrey, a bird of prey | W7 | |
| oriflamble | n.masc | oriflamme, red banner | W7 | |
| orpiment | n.masc | an herb | W7 | |
| French: | or | n | gold | TLL |
| oriol | n.masc | oriole | W7 | |
| Italian: | oro | n | gold | TLL |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | auksas | n.masc | gold | W7 |
| auszra | n | dawn | CDC | |
| auszta | n | the morning star | CDC | |
| auszti | vb | to dawn | CDC | |
| Latvian: | aust | n | dawn | CDC |
| austrums | n.masc | east | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Doric: | ἀώς | n.fem | dawn, morning | CDC |
| Laconian: | ἀβώρ | n.fem | dawn, morning | CDC |
| Aeolic: | αὔως | n.fem | dawn, morning | CDC |
| Homeric Greek: | ἠώς | n.fem | dawn, daybreak, morning | LRC |
| Attic: | εγ̓̀ως | n.fem | dawn, morning | CDC |
| Greek: | Ἠώς | prop.n.fem | Eos | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | ushā | n | dawn | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | uṣās | n | dawn | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
