Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: au-lo-s : ēu-l- 'tube, pipe, aulos'
Semantic Field(s): Round (adj)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Gaelic: | carull, caireall | n | melody, harmony | CDC |
Manx: | carval | n | carol | CDC |
Breton: | koroll | n | dance | CDC |
korolla, korolli | n | to dance, move in cadence | CDC | |
Cornish: | carol | n | choir, concert | CDC |
Welsh: | carol(i) | n | carol, song | CDC |
coroli | n | to dance, move in a circle | CDC | |
English | ||||
Middle English: | carol, carol(l)e | n | carol, ring | CDC/W7 |
English: | alveolus | n | small pit/cavity | AHD/W7 |
aulos | n | flute, reed instrument | W2I | |
carol | n | old round dance with song | AHD/W7 | |
hydraulic | adj | re: water/liquid | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
German: | hydraulisch | adj | hydraulic | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | hvannjōli | n | stalk of angelica | W7 |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | alveolus | n.masc | tray, basin | W7 |
alveus | n.masc | cavity, hollow | W7 | |
alvus | n.masc | belly | W7 | |
choraula | n.masc | choral song/accompanist | W7 | |
hydraulicus | adj | hydraulic | W7 | |
Middle Latin: | carola | n | carol, Christmas song | CDC |
New Latin: | alveolus | n.masc | tray, basin | W7 |
Spanish: | carola | n | carol, Christmas song | CDC |
Old French: | carole | n.fem | carol, Christmas song | CDC |
Italian: | carola | n | carol, Christmas song | CDC |
Hellenic | ||||
Homeric Greek: | αὔλη | n | flute music | LRC |
αὐλός | n.masc | flute, reed instrument; tube | LRC | |
Greek: | aulein | vb | to play a reed instrument | W7 |
hydraulikos | adj | hydraulic | W7 | |
hydraulis | n.fem | hydraulic organ | W7 | |
choraulēs | n.masc | choral accompanist | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |