Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: au̯o-s 'maternal grandfather'
Semantic Field(s): Grandfather
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | aue | n.masc | grandson | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | ēam | n.masc | uncle | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | uncle | n | uncle | W7 |
| English: | atavism | n | recurrence of ancestral form in organism | AHD/W7 |
| avuncular | adj | re: uncle | AHD/W7 | |
| ayah | n | native nurse/maid in India | AHD/W7 | |
| uncle | n | parent's brother, aunt's husband | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | em | n.masc | uncle | ASD |
| Frisian: | yem(e) | n | uncle | ASD |
| Dutch: | oom | n.masc | uncle | ASD |
| Old High German: | ōheim | n.masc | uncle | ASD |
| Middle High German: | ōheim, oeheim | n.masc | uncle | ASD |
| German: | Oh(ei)m | n.masc | uncle | ASD |
| Onkel | n.masc | uncle | CDC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | Ái | prop.n.masc | Ai, Great-grandfather | LRC |
| Danish: | onkel | n | uncle | CDC |
| Swedish: | onkel | n | uncle | CDC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | atavus | n.masc | ancestor | W7 |
| avia | n.fem | grandmother | W7 | |
| avunculus, avonculus | n.masc.dim | maternal uncle, lit. little grandfather | CDC/W7 | |
| avus | n.masc | grandfather | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | aia | n.fem | native nurse/maid in India | W7 |
| Spanish: | aya | n | tutor | CDC |
| Old French: | uncle, oncle | n.masc | uncle | CDC |
| French: | atavisme | n.masc | atavism, archaic inheritance | W7 |
| oncle | n | uncle | CDC | |
| Provençal: | oncle, avoncle | n | uncle | CDC |
| Italian: | aja | n | tutor | CDC |
| avunculo | n | uncle | CDC | |
| Rumanian: | unchiu | n | maternal uncle | CDC |
| Indic | ||||
| Hindi: | āyā | n | ayah, grandmother | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
