Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. bhā-, bhō-, bhə- 'to shine, glisten'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bān | adj | white | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | beācen, bēc(e)n, bēcun | n.neut | sign, token, beacon | ASD/CDC |
| berie, ber(i)ge, berigie | n.fem | berry | ASD/W7 | |
| bīecnan, bēcnian | vb | to beckon | CDC/W7 | |
| bōnian | vb.wk | to polish | GED | |
| Middle English: | baner(e) | n | banner | MEV/W7 |
| baneret | n | banneret | W7 | |
| beken(e) | n | beacon | W7 | |
| beknen, becnen, beknien | vb | to beckon | CDC/W7 | |
| berie, bery(e) | n | berry | CDC/W7 | |
| boye | n | buoy | W7 | |
| epiphanie | n | epiphany | W7 | |
| fantasie | n | fantasy | W7 | |
| fantasme | n | phantasm | W7 | |
| fanto(s)me | n | phantom | W7 | |
| mulberie, murberie | n | mulberry | W7 | |
| panten | vb | to pant | W7 | |
| English: | banderilla | n | barbed decorated dart used in bullfight | AHD |
| banderole | n | long forked flag | AHD/W7 | |
| bandoleer, bandolier | n | belt worn over shoulder across chest | AHD/W7 | |
| banner | n | staff-hung cloth marking rallying point | AHD/W7 | |
| banneret | n | knight leading under his own banner | AHD/W7 | |
| beacon | n | signal fire (usually on a high place) | AHD/W7 | |
| beckon | vb | to summon via signal | AHD/W7 | |
| berry | n | small pulpy fruit | AHD/W7 | |
| buoy | n | float | AHD/W7 | |
| diaphanous | adj | fine in texture, nearly transparent | AHD/W7 | |
| emphasis | n | forcefulness in expression conveying importance | AHD/W7 | |
| epiphany | n | feast celebrating Christ's first appearance to Gentiles | AHD/W7 | |
| fantasize | vb | to fancy, imagine, hallucinate | LRC | |
| fantasy | n | hallucination | AHD/W7 | |
| frambesia | n | yaws: chronic infectious disease | AHD | |
| Goldberry | prop.n | Bombadil's wife in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| gooseberry | n | spiny European shrub with edible berries | AHD | |
| hierophant | n | priest in ancient Greece | AHD/W7 | |
| mulberry | n | tree with edible purple berrylike fruit | AHD/W7 | |
| pant | vb | to breathe quickly/spasmodically in labored manner | AHD/W7 | |
| Phaethon | prop.n | son of Helios the Sun (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| -phane | n.sfx | substance having certain quality | AHD/W7 | |
| phanerogam | n | spermatophyte, flowering seed plant | AHD/W7 | |
| phantasm | n | product of fantasy | AHD/W7 | |
| phantasmagoria | n | optical illusion | AHD/W7 | |
| phantom | n | apparition, something sensed but insubstantial | AHD/W7 | |
| phase | n | state in a recurring cycle | AHD/W7 | |
| phen(o)- | pfx | re: observable characteristic | AHD | |
| phenomenon | n | observable fact/event | AHD/W7 | |
| phos- | pfx | light, luminous impression | AHD/W7 | |
| phosphene | n | luminous impression due to retinal excitation | AHD/W7 | |
| phot | n | cgs unit of illumination | AHD/W7 | |
| phot(o)- | pfx | light, radiant energy | AHD | |
| photon | n | quantum of light/radiant energy | W7 | |
| sycophant | n | parasite, servile self-seeking flatterer | AHD/W7 | |
| theophany | n | visible manifestation of deity | AHD/W7 | |
| tiffany | n | a kind of sheer silk gauze | AHD/W7 | |
| British English: | fantasise | vb | to fantasize | LRC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | bāken, bēken | n | sign, beacon | CDC |
| Middle Dutch: | bere, beze | n | berry | CDC |
| Dutch: | baak | n | sign, beacon | CDC |
| bes | n.fem | berry | ASD | |
| bezie | n | berry | CDC | |
| framboos | n | raspberry | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | beri | n.neut | berry | ASD |
| bōkan | n | sign, beacon | CDC | |
| bōknian | vb | to beckon | CDC | |
| Middle Low German: | bere | n | berry | CDC |
| Low German: | bāke | n | sign, beacon | CDC |
| bōnen | vb.wk | to scour, polish | GED | |
| Old High German: | beri | n.neut | berry | ASD/W7 |
| bouhhan, pouchan | n | sign, beacon | ASD/CDC | |
| bouhnen | vb | to beckon | CDC | |
| Middle High German: | ber(e) | n | berry | CDC |
| bouchen | n | sign, beacon | CDC | |
| büenen | vb.wk | to scour, polish | GED | |
| German: | Bake | n.fem | sign, beacon, landmark | CDC |
| Beere | n.fem | berry | LRC | |
| Fantasie | n.fem | fantasy | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bākna | vb | to beckon | CDC |
| ber | n.neut | berry | ASD | |
| Old Icelandic: | benda | vb.wk | to give a sign | GED |
| Icelandic: | bākn | n | sign, beacon | CDC |
| ber | n | berry | CDC | |
| Danish: | bær | n | berry | CDC |
| kirsebær | n | cherry | TLL | |
| Swedish: | bär | n | berry | CDC |
| körsbär | n | cherry | TLL | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *bandwa | n.fem | sign | GED |
| bandwjan | vb.wk | to indicate, give sign | GED | |
| bandwō | n.fem | sign | GED/W7 | |
| basi | n.neut | berry | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | Phaethon | n.masc | Phaethon | W7 |
| phantasma | n.fem | phantasm | W7 | |
| sycophanta | n.fem | swindler, informer, sycophant | W7 | |
| Vulgar Latin: | *bandāria | n | banner | AHD |
| phantasio, phantasiāre | vb | to fantasize: hallucinate | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | bandum | n | banner | AHD |
| epiphania | n.fem | epiphany | W7 | |
| hierophanta | n.masc | priest | W7 | |
| phaenomenon | n.neut | phenomenon | W7 | |
| theophania | n.fem | theophany | W7 | |
| Middle Latin: | *bandaria | n | banner | CDC |
| bandum | n | flag, standard | CDC | |
| Medieval Latin: | bandum | n.neut | flag | GED |
| diaphanus | adj | see-through, diaphanous | W7 | |
| throphania | n.fem | theophany | W7 | |
| New Latin: | phasis | n.fem | (lunar) phase, appearance of star | W7 |
| Portuguese: | bandeira | n | banner | CDC |
| Spanish: | bandera | n.fem | banner | GED |
| banderilla | n.fem | banderilla | LRC | |
| banderola | n.dim | little banner | CDC | |
| bandolera | n.fem | bandoleer | LRC | |
| Old French: | banere | n.masc | banner | W7 |
| baneret | n.masc | banneret | W7 | |
| banerolle | n.dim | little banner | CDC | |
| fantasme | n.masc | phantasm, phantasmagoria | W7 | |
| ori-flame, orie-flambe | n.fem | red banner (of Charlemagne) | GED | |
| Middle French: | bandouliere | n | bandolier | W7 |
| epiphanie | n.fem | epiphany, apparition of deity | W7 | |
| fantosme | n.masc | ghost, phantom | W7 | |
| pantaisier | vb | to fantasize: hallucinate | W7 | |
| French: | banderole | n.fem | banner | W7 |
| bandière | n | banner | CDC | |
| bandoulière | n | bandoleer | AHD | |
| ban(n)ière | n.fem | banner | CDC/GED | |
| phanérogame | adj | seed plant, flowering plant | W7 | |
| phantasmagorie | n.fem | phantasmagoria | W7 | |
| phantasme | n.masc | phantasm | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | bandieira, bannieira | n | banner | CDC |
| Italian: | banda | n.fem | troop, division | GED |
| bander(u)ola | n.fem.dim | pennant, streamer, little banner | CDC/CID/W7 | |
| bandiera | n.fem | banner | GED | |
| bando | n.masc | summons | GED | |
| Albanian | ||||
| Gheg: | bâj | vb | to do, make | IEW |
| Tosk: | bënj | vb | to do, make | IEW |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | diaphainein | vb | to show through | W7 |
| διαφανής | adj | transparent; red-hot | LRC | |
| diaphanēs | adj | diaphanous | W7 | |
| emphainein | vb | to indicate | W7 | |
| emphasis | n.fem | emphasis, exposition | W7 | |
| epiphaneia | n.fem | appearance, epiphany | W7 | |
| hierophantēs | n.masc | hierophant | W7 | |
| sykophantēs | adj | informer | W7 | |
| Phaethōn | n.masc | Phaethon | W7 | |
| phainesthai | vb | to appear | W7 | |
| phainomenon | vb.ptc.pass | appearing | W7 | |
| phainomenos | vb.ptc.pass | appearing | W7 | |
| φαίνω | vb | to show | GED | |
| -phaneia | afx | appearance | W7 | |
| φανερός | adj | bright, visible | GED | |
| φανή | n | torch | GED | |
| -phanēs | afx | appearing | W7 | |
| φᾱνός | adj | bright, glad | RPN | |
| phantasia | n.fem | appearance, imagination | W7 | |
| phantasioun | vb | to have hallucinations | W7 | |
| phantasma | n.neut | hallucination | W7 | |
| phasis | n.fem | (lunar) phase, appearance of star | W7 | |
| phatazein | vb | to present to the mind | W7 | |
| φάω | vb | to shine, give light | RPN | |
| φάως | n | light | RPN | |
| φωνή | n.fem | voice, sound | LRC | |
| phōs, phōtis | n.neut | light | W7 | |
| Late Greek: | epiphania | n.fem | appearance, epiphany | W7 |
| theophan(e)ia | n.fem | theophany | W7 | |
| Medieval Greek: | βάνδον | n | flag | GED |
| Armenian | ||||
| Classical Armenian: | banam | vb | to open | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhā́ti | vb | to shine, appear | GED |
| bhā́nam | n | shining, appearance | GED | |
| bhā́mas | n | shine, light | GED | |
| bhā́lam | n | radiance | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| afx | = | affix |
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pass | = | passive (voice) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
