Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhāg̑hú-s 'elbow, forearm'
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | bōg, bōh | n.masc | bough; arm, shoulder | ASD/CDC/W7 |
Middle English: | bo(u)gh, bowe, boz(e) | n | bough | CDC |
bouline, bowelyne | n | bowline | CDC | |
bouspret | n | bowsprit | W7 | |
English: | bough | n | tree branch | AHD/W7 |
bow | n | forward part of ship | AHD/W7 | |
bowline | n | rope used to keep weather edge of square sail taut forward | AHD/W7 | |
bowsprit | n | spar projecting forward from ship's stem | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Middle Dutch: | boech | n | bow | CDC |
Dutch: | boeg | n.masc | bow | ASD/CDC |
boeglijn | n | bowline | CDC | |
boegspriet | n | bowsprit | CDC | |
Middle Low German: | bōch, būch | n | bow; shoulder | CDC |
bōchsprēt | n | bowsprit | W7 | |
Low German: | boogspret | n | bowsprit | CDC |
Old High German: | buog | n.masc | hip, shoulder, upper part of leg/arm | ASD/CDC |
Middle High German: | buoc | n.masc | shoulder, withers (of horse) | ASD/CDC |
German: | Boleine | n | bowline | CDC |
Bug | n.masc | bow; shoulder, withers | CDC | |
Bugspriet | n.neut | bowsprit | CDC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | bœgr | n.masc | shoulder | LRC |
Icelandic: | bōglīna | n | bowline | CDC |
bōgr | n | bow; shoulder | CDC | |
Norwegian: | bog | n | bow; shoulder | CDC |
boglina | n | bowline | CDC | |
bogspryt | n | bowsprit | CDC | |
Danish: | boug, bov | n | bow; shoulder | CDC |
b(o)ugline, bovline | n | bowline | CDC | |
b(o)ugspryd, bovspröd | n | bowsprit | CDC | |
Swedish: | armbåge | n | elbow | TLL |
bog | n.masc | bow; shoulder | ASD/CDC | |
boglina, bolin | n | bowline | CDC | |
bogspröt | n | bowsprit | CDC | |
Italic | ||||
Old French: | bo(e)line | n | bowline | CDC |
French: | bouline | n | bowline | CDC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | πῆχυς | n.masc | forearm | CDC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | bāhu | n | arm, forearm | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |