Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhar- : bhor- : bhr̥- 'burr, stubble; something jutting out'
Semantic Field(s): Brush
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bairgen | n.fem | bread | GED/IEW |
| Breton: | bara | n.masc | bread | GED/IEW |
| Cornish: | bara | n.masc | bread | GED/IEW |
| Welsh: | bara | n.masc | bread | GED/IEW |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | brord | n.masc | prick, point, lance; blade/spire of grass | ASD/CDC |
| Middle English: | brad, brod | n | brad | CDC/W7 |
| brurd | n | point; blade/spire of grass | CDC | |
| burre | n | burr | AHD | |
| English: | bearberry | n | evergreen plant in heath family | GED/IEW |
| borsch(t) | n | Russian vegetable soup with red beets | AHD/W7 | |
| brad | n | thin small-headed nail | AHD/W7 | |
| burdock | n | weed with prickly flower-heads | ODE | |
| bur(r) | n | rough prickly seed husk/envelope | AHD | |
| Scots English: | brod | n | brad | CDC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | broddr | n | spike | W7 |
| Icelandic: | broddr | n | spike | CDC |
| Norwegian: | bjørne-ber | n | blackberry bush | GED/IEW |
| Danish: | brodde | n | frost-nail | CDC |
| burre | n | burr, burdock | ODE | |
| Swedish: | björn-bär | n | blackberry (bush) | GED/IEW |
| björn-hallon | n | blackberry bush | GED/IEW | |
| brodd | n | frost-nail | CDC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *baira-bagms | n.masc | mulberry tree | GED/IEW |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | bor | n | millet | GED/IEW |
| borshch | n | borsch | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
