Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhāt- : bhət- 'to bat, hit'
Semantic Field(s): to Hit, Strike, Beat
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | bat(a) | n | bat | CDC |
| Gaulish: | anda-bata | n | gladiator | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | *bat, batt | n | bat | CDC/W7 |
| Middle English: | batel(l), batail(e), bataill | n | battle, embattled host | MEV |
| batent | n | batten | AHD | |
| bat(e)ren | vb | to batter | AHD/CDC | |
| bat(te), botte | n | bat | CDC/W7 | |
| batten | vb | to bat | CDC | |
| batyldore, batyld(o)ure | n | battledore | CDC/W7 | |
| English: | bat | n | staff, club, cudgel | CDC |
| bat | vb | to hit, beat, strike | W7 | |
| batten | n | narrow strip of wood | AHD | |
| batten | vb | to secure with battens | AHD | |
| batter | vb | to bat repeatedly | AHD | |
| battle | n | combat, encounter between armed forces | ODE | |
| battledore | n | bat, racquet, beating instrument | W7 | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | battuō, battuere | vb | to bat, beat, knock | RPN |
| Vulgar Latin: | *battālia | n | battle | AHD |
| Late Latin: | battō, battere | vb | to bat, batter | AHD |
| battuālia | n | battle, military/gladiatorial exercises | ODE | |
| Portuguese: | bater | vb | to batter | CDC |
| Spanish: | batidor, batador | n | battledore | CDC |
| batir | vb | to batter | CDC | |
| Old French: | bataille | n | battle, embattled host | MEV |
| bataunt | n | batten, clapper | AHD | |
| batre | vb | to bat, batter | AHD | |
| batte | n | bat, wand, rammer | CDC | |
| French: | batte | n | bat, wand, rammer | CDC |
| battre | vb | to batter | CDC | |
| Old Provençal: | batedor | n.masc | battledore | W7 |
| batre | vb | to bat, batter | W7 | |
| Italian: | battere | vb | to batter | CDC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
