Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. bhē̆, bhō̆ '(emphatic particle)'
Semantic Field(s): Word
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Saxon: | neƀa | conj | if not | GED |
| Old High German: | iba | n.str.fem | condition | GED |
| ibu | conj | if | GED | |
| nibu | conj | if not | GED | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | ba | conj.enc.pcl | if, even though | GED |
| ibái | conj | lest, that not | GED | |
| ibai | int.pcl | whether, possibly | GED | |
| jabái | conj | if, even if, although | GED | |
| niba, nibái | conj | unless, except, if not | GED | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | ba | adv | for, yes | GED/IEW |
| bà | adv | indeed | GED | |
| bè | prep | before, without | LRC | |
| beĩ | conj | and | LRC | |
| Latvian: | ba | adv | indeed | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | ba | adv | indeed | GED |
| Czech: | ba | adv | indeed | GED |
| Old Church Slavonic: | bo | adv | then | GED |
| bo | conj/prep | for | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | μέσφα | adv | until | GED |
| φή | adv | as | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | ba(y) | interj.pcl | [emphatic] | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | bā | adv | truly, indeed | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| enc | = | enclitic |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| int | = | interrogative (mood) |
| interj | = | interjection |
| n | = | noun |
| pcl | = | particle |
| prep | = | preposition |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
