Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhē-, bhō- 'to warm, bake, roast, fry'
Semantic Field(s): to Roast, Fry
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | bacan | vb | to bake | W7 |
bæþ, baþu | n.neut | bath(s) | ASD/CDC | |
baðian, beðian, beðigean | vb | to bathe | ASD/W7 | |
Middle English: | baken | vb | to bake | W7 |
bath | n | bath | W7 | |
bath(i)en | vb | to bathe | CDC/W7 | |
English: | bake | vb | to prepare using dry heat, esp. in oven | AHD/W7 |
bath | n | washing/soaking (in water) part/all of body | AHD/W7 | |
bathe | vb | to wash in (usu. warm/hot) water/other liquid | AHD/W7 | |
zwieback | n | an egg-enriched, usually sweet, toasted bread | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Frisian: | backe | vb | to bake | CDC |
North Frisian: | backe | vb | to bake | ASD |
Dutch: | bad | n | bath | CDC |
baden | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
bakken | vb | to bake | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | bakan | vb | to bake | ASD |
baþ | n.neut | bath | ASD/CDC | |
Low German: | bakken | vb | to bake | CDC |
Old High German: | backen, bacchan | vb | to bake | CDC/W7 |
bad | n.neut | bath | ASD/W7 | |
badōn | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
bahhan, pachan | vb | to bake | ASD/W7 | |
Middle High German: | bachen | vb | to bake | ASD |
bad, bat | n.neut | bath | ASD/CDC | |
baden | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
German: | backen | vb | to bake | ASD |
Bad | n.neut | bath | ASD/CDC | |
baden | vb | to bathe | LRC | |
zwieback | n | an egg-enriched, usually sweet, toasted bread | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | baka | vb | to bake, roast | ASD |
Old Icelandic: | bað | n.neut | bath | ASD/CDC |
Icelandic: | baða | vb | to bathe | CDC |
baka | vb | to bake | CDC | |
Danish: | bad | n | bath | CDC |
bade | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
bage | vb | to bake | ASD | |
Swedish: | bad | n | bath | CDC |
bada | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
baka | vb | to bake | CDC | |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | ubo | conj | but, now, even, therefore | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | phōgein | vb | to roast | W7 |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | bhaj | vb | to cook | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
conj | = | conjunction |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |