Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhē-, bhō- 'to warm, bake, roast, fry'
Semantic Field(s): to Roast, Fry
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bacan | vb | to bake | W7 |
| bæþ, baþu | n.neut | bath(s) | ASD/CDC | |
| baðian, beðian, beðigean | vb | to bathe | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | baken | vb | to bake | W7 |
| bath | n | bath | W7 | |
| bath(i)en | vb | to bathe | CDC/W7 | |
| English: | bake | vb | to prepare using dry heat, esp. in oven | AHD/W7 |
| bath | n | washing/soaking (in water) part/all of body | AHD/W7 | |
| bathe | vb | to wash in (usu. warm/hot) water/other liquid | AHD/W7 | |
| zwieback | n | an egg-enriched, usually sweet, toasted bread | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Frisian: | backe | vb | to bake | CDC |
| North Frisian: | backe | vb | to bake | ASD |
| Dutch: | bad | n | bath | CDC |
| baden | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
| bakken | vb | to bake | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | bakan | vb | to bake | ASD |
| baþ | n.neut | bath | ASD/CDC | |
| Low German: | bakken | vb | to bake | CDC |
| Old High German: | backen, bacchan | vb | to bake | CDC/W7 |
| bad | n.neut | bath | ASD/W7 | |
| badōn | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
| bahhan, pachan | vb | to bake | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle High German: | bachen | vb | to bake | ASD |
| bad, bat | n.neut | bath | ASD/CDC | |
| baden | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
| German: | backen | vb | to bake | ASD |
| Bad | n.neut | bath | ASD/CDC | |
| baden | vb | to bathe | LRC | |
| zwieback | n | an egg-enriched, usually sweet, toasted bread | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | baka | vb | to bake, roast | ASD |
| Old Icelandic: | bað | n.neut | bath | ASD/CDC |
| Icelandic: | baða | vb | to bathe | CDC |
| baka | vb | to bake | CDC | |
| Danish: | bad | n | bath | CDC |
| bade | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
| bage | vb | to bake | ASD | |
| Swedish: | bad | n | bath | CDC |
| bada | vb | to bathe | CDC | |
| baka | vb | to bake | CDC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | ubo | conj | but, now, even, therefore | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | phōgein | vb | to roast | W7 |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhaj | vb | to cook | ASD |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| conj | = | conjunction |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |