Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. bhedh- 'to flex, bend, crook'
Semantic Field(s): to Bend, Hook, Crook
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | bēd | n.neut | bead, worship, supplication | ASD |
bedecian | vb | to beg | CDC | |
biddan, bæd, bǣdon, beden | vb.str.V | to bid, request | GED | |
cnēow-gebed | n.str.neut | bead (with bending of knees) | GED | |
(ge)bed | n | bead | W7 | |
Middle English: | bede | n | bead | W7 |
bidden | vb | to bid, pray | W7 | |
English: | bead | n | prayer | AHD/W7 |
bid, bid, bade, bid(den) | vb.str | to urge, beseech, invite, entreat | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | bede | n.str.fem | bead | GED |
bidda | vb.str | to bid, request | GED | |
Frisian: | bidde | vb | to bid, ask | ASD |
Dutch: | bede | n | bead | CDC |
bidden | vb | to bid, ask | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | beda | n.str.fem | bead | GED |
biddian, biddean | vb.str | to bid, request | ASD/GED | |
gibed | n | bead | CDC | |
kneo-beda | n.str.fem | bead (with bending of knees) | GED | |
Old High German: | beta | n.str.fem | bead | GED |
bidjan, bitten, bittan | vb.str | to bid, request | ASD/CDC/GED | |
gabet | n | bead | CDC | |
Middle High German: | bete | n | bead | CDC |
bieten | vb | to bid | CDC | |
bitten | vb | to bid, ask | ASD | |
German: | bieten | vb | to bid | LRC |
Bitte | n.fem | bead, request, supplication | CDC | |
bitten | vb | to bid, ask | CDC | |
Gebet | n.neut | bead | CDC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | biðja | vb.str | to bid, request | GED |
knē-beðr | n.str.masc | pillow for knees (for prayer) | GED | |
Icelandic: | biðja | vb | to bid, ask | CDC |
Danish: | bede | vb | to bid, ask | ASD |
Swedish: | bedja | vb | to bid, ask | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | bida | n.fem | bead | GED |
bidagwa | n | beggar | CDC | |
bid(j)an | vb.str.V | to bid, ask, pray, request | GED | |
ga-bidjan | vb.str.V | to pray, request | GED | |
us-bida | vb.1.sg | I wish | GED | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | bãdas | n | hunger | GED |
Albanian | ||||
Albanian: | bashkë | adv | together | LRC |
bind | vb | to convince | GED | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | jñu-bā́dh- | n.pfx | bending the knees | GED |
bā́dhate | vb | to press, harass | GED | |
bā́dhas | n | oppression | GED | |
Tocharian | ||||
Tocharian B: | peti | n | worship, adoration | LRC |
Tocharian A: | poto | n | worship, adoration | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
1 | = | 1st person |
V | = | class 5 |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
pfx | = | prefix |
sg | = | singular (number) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |