Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bheg-, bheng- 'to bang, break, smash'
Semantic Field(s): to Break
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bongid | vb | to break, reap | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | banc | n.fem | bank | CDC |
| benc | n.fem | bench | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | bank(e), bonk(e), bonkke, banc | n | bank | CDC/MEV/W7 |
| benk, bynk, bench | n | bench | CDC/W7 | |
| English: | bang | vb | to bump, strike against | AHD/W7 |
| bank | n | hill, ridge; pile, mound | AHD/W7 | |
| bank | n | bench for (galley) rowers | AHD/W7 | |
| bank | n | money/finance business | W7 | |
| Banks | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| banquet | n | great/ceremonious feast | AHD/W7 | |
| banquette | n | raised way inside parapet/trench for gun(ner)s | AHD/W7 | |
| bantling | n | very young child | AHD/W7 | |
| bench | n | long seat for two/more persons | AHD/W7 | |
| bhang | n | hemp, cannabis | AHD/W7 | |
| bunco | n | swindling game/scheme | AHD/W7 | |
| bungle | vb | to act/work awkwardly/clumsily | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | bank | n.fem | bank: bench | ASD |
| bengel | n | bell | CDC | |
| bengelen | vb | to ring a bell | CDC | |
| Old Saxon: | bank | n.fem | bank: bench | ASD |
| benki | n | bench | CDC | |
| Low German: | bangeln | vb.freq | to bang, beat, strike | CDC |
| bangen | vb | to bang, beat, strike | CDC | |
| Old High German: | banch, panch | n.fem | bench | ASD/CDC |
| bank | n | bank: bench | W7 | |
| Middle High German: | banc, bank | n | bank: bench | ASD/CDC |
| bengel | n | club | CDC | |
| German: | bank | n.fem | bank: bench | ASD/W7 |
| bänkling | n | bastard | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bakki | n | bank: bench | W7 |
| bang | n | a hammering | CDC | |
| bekkr | n.masc | bank: bench | ASD | |
| Icelandic: | banga | vb | to bang, hammer | W7 |
| *banki | n | bank | CDC | |
| bekkr | n | bench | CDC | |
| Norwegian: | bank | n | a beating | CDC |
| banka | vb | to bang, beat | CDC | |
| Danish: | bakke | n | bank: hill, hillock | CDC |
| bank | n | a beating | CDC | |
| banke | vb | to bang, beat | CDC | |
| bænk | n | bank: bench | CDC | |
| bänk | n | bank: bench | ASD | |
| Old Swedish: | bånga | vb | to bang, hammer | CDC |
| Swedish: | backe | n | bank: hill, hillock | CDC |
| bång | n | a hammering | CDC | |
| bänk | n | bank: bench | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle Latin: | bancus | n.masc | bank: bench | CDC |
| Portuguese: | banca | n | bench | CDC |
| banco | n | bank: business | CDC | |
| Spanish: | banca | n.fem | bank: bench | W7 |
| banco | n | bank: business | CDC | |
| banquete | n | banquet | CDC | |
| Old French: | banc | n | bank: bench | AHD |
| banquet | n.dim | banquet | AHD | |
| Middle French: | banquet | n.masc | banquet | W7 |
| French: | banc, banque | n | bank: bench | CDC |
| banc | n | bank: business | CDC | |
| banquet | n | banquet | CDC | |
| banquette | n.fem | bench, banquette | W7 | |
| Old Occitan: | banc | n | bank: business | CDC |
| banca | n | bank: bench | CDC | |
| Provençal: | banca | n | bank: bench | AHD |
| banqueta | n.fem.dim | small bench | W7 | |
| Old Italian: | banca | n.fem | bank: bench | W7 |
| banchetto | n.masc | banquet | W7 | |
| Italian: | banca | n | bank: bench | CDC |
| banchetto | n | banquet | CDC | |
| banco | n | bank: business | CDC | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | bekanem | vb | to break | RPN |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | bang | n | bhang | CDC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhanákti | vb | to break, shatter | RPN |
| bhangā | n | bhang | CDC | |
| Hindi: | bhāṅg, bhung | n | bhang | CDC/W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| dim | = | diminutive |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| freq | = | frequentative (aspect) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |