Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 3. bhel-, bhlē- 'to grow, spread, swell, inflate'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow, to Stretch
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | ball | n.masc | penis, part of body | GED |
English | ||||
Old English: | ballice | adv | defiantly, bravely | GED |
b(e)ald | adj | bold | ASD/GED | |
b(e)aldor | n.str.masc | prince, master, lit. bolder | GED | |
*beall | n | ball | AHD | |
bealloc | n.fem | testicle | GED | |
bealluc, beallucas | n | testicle(s) | RPN | |
beldo, byldo | n | bield | W2I | |
blǣd | n.masc | breath, blowing | GED | |
blǣd(d)re | n.fem | bladder, blister, swelling | ASD/W7 | |
blǣs | n.neut | blowing | GED | |
*blǣsan | vb | to blow, blaze | CDC | |
blǣst | n.str.masc | blast, breath, blowing | GED | |
blǣstan | vb.wk | to blast, blow | GED | |
blāwan | vb.wk | to blow | GED | |
blōtan | vb.str | to worship (with sacrifice) | GED | |
blōtere | n | sacrificer | GED | |
bolla | n.wk.masc | bowl, dish, vase | GED | |
bula | n | bull | W7 | |
bulluc | n.str.neut | bull, bullock, breeding animal | GED | |
byldan | vb.wk | to encourage | GED | |
Middle English: | bal, ball(e) | n | ball | CDC/W7 |
bald(e), bold(e) | adj | bold | CDC/MEV | |
bale | n | bale | W7 | |
baleine, bale(y)ne | n | whale, baleen | CDC/W7 | |
ballock, balluk, balok | n | ballock | CDC/W7 | |
baude | n | bawd | CDC | |
bawde | n | bawdry | W7 | |
beeld, belde | n | bield | W2I | |
blad(d)er, bled(d)er, bladdre | n | bladder | CDC/W7 | |
blasen | vb | to blaze | W7 | |
blast, blest | n | blast | CDC/W7 | |
blowen, blawen | vb | to blow | CDC/W7 | |
bole | n | bole | W7 | |
boll | n | boll | W7 | |
bolle | n | bowl | W7 | |
boulderston | n | boulder (stone) | CDC | |
bule, bole | n | bull | MEV/W7 | |
bulk | n | bulk | W7 | |
flavor | n | flavor | W7 | |
folie | n | folly | W7 | |
fool | n | fool | W7 | |
fullen | vb | to full | W7 | |
English: | afflatus | n | inspiration, divine imparting of knowledge/power | AHD/W7 |
Balder | prop.n | comely but ill-fated son of Odin | LRC | |
Baldor | prop.n | Rohan prince in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
bale | n | large bundle (of goods) | AHD/W7 | |
baleen | n | whalebone | AHD/W7 | |
ball | n | round(ish) body/mass | AHD/W7 | |
ballock | n | testis | AHD/W7 | |
balloon | n | nonporous air-filled bag made of light but tough material | AHD/W7 | |
ballot | n | small ball used for secret vote | AHD/W7 | |
ballottement | n | finger push on uterine wall to diagnose pregnancy | AHD/W7 | |
bawd | n | pander | AHD/W7 | |
bield | n.obs | boldness, courage, confidence | W2I | |
bilberry | n | plant akin to blueberry | AHD/W7 | |
biltong | n | jerked meat | AHD/W7 | |
bladder | n | membranous sac in animal serving as liquid receptacle | AHD/W7 | |
blase | adj | sophisticated, jaded re: pleasure/excitement | AHD/W7 | |
blast | n | violent gust of air | AHD/W7 | |
blather | n | nonsense, foolishness | LRC | |
blather | vb.intrans | to talk foolishly | AHD/W7 | |
blaze | vb.trans | to proclaim, make public/conspicuous | AHD/W7 | |
blow, blew, blown | vb.str | to move (air) with speed/force | AHD/W7 | |
bold | adj | intrepid, fearless before danger | AHD/W7 | |
bole | n | base/trunk of tree | AHD/W7 | |
boll | n | pod/capsule of plant | AHD/W7 | |
bollix | vb.trans | to throw into disorder | AHD/W7 | |
boulder | n | rounded detached much-worn rock mass | AHD/W7 | |
bowl | n | concave/hemispherical vessel for holding liquid | AHD/W7 | |
bulk | n | volume, magnitude | AHD/W7 | |
bull | n | adult male bovine animal | AHD/W7 | |
bullock | n | steer, castrated bull | AHD | |
Bullroarer | prop.n | a.k.a. Bandobras Took in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
conflate | vb | to fuse, meld, combine, bring together | AHD | |
deflate | vb | to lose/remove air | AHD/CDC | |
flabellum | n | body part/organ resembling fan | AHD/W7 | |
flageolet | n | small flute resembling treble recorder | AHD/W7 | |
flatulent | adj | marked/affected by intestinal/stomach gases | AHD/W7 | |
flatus | n | gas generated in bowels/stomach | AHD/W7 | |
flavescent | adj | yellowish, turning yellow | AHD | |
flavin | n | yellow water-soluble pigment | AHD/W7 | |
flavoprotein | n | enzyme containing flavin | AHD | |
flavor | n | odor, fragrance | AHD/W7 | |
follicle | n | small anatomical cavity/deep narrow-mouthed depression | AHD/W7 | |
folly | n | lack of foresight/good sense/normal prudence | AHD/W7 | |
fool | n | one lacking in judgment/prudence | AHD/W7 | |
full | vb.trans | to shrink/thicken (woolen cloth) using moisture/heat/pressure | AHD/W7 | |
inflate | vb | to swell/distend with air/gas | AHD/W7 | |
insufflate | vb.trans | to blow on/into | AHD/W7 | |
isinglass | n | whitish, semi-transparent pure gelatin | AHD/W7 | |
ithyphallic | adj | re: phallus carried in ancient bacchic festival procession | AHD/W7 | |
phallus | n | (symbol/representation of) male sexual organ | AHD/W7 | |
phellem | n | nonliving water-resistant protective plant tissue | AHD | |
phelloderm | n | tissue produced inwardly by cork cambium | AHD | |
phellogen | n | secondary meristem initiating phellem/phelloderm in plant stem | AHD/W7 | |
rocambole | n | European leek | AHD/W7 | |
souffle | n | dish made of egg yolk or whipped egg whites | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | blather, blether | n | bladder | CDC |
blether | vb | to blather | CDC | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | balde | adv | quickly | ASD |
blāu | adj | bluish | GED | |
bolla | n.masc | bowl | ASD | |
Old Dutch: | blæder, blære | n.fem | bladder | ASD |
Middle Dutch: | bale | n | bale | ODE |
bille | n | buttock | AHD | |
blæder | n | bladder | CDC | |
blæsen | vb | to blaze, sound trumpet | CDC | |
blase | n | bladder | W7 | |
blāsen | vb | to blow | W7 | |
bolle | n | boll, round object | AHD | |
huusblase | n | sturgeon bladder; isinglass | W7 | |
Dutch: | baal | n | bale | ODE |
bal | n | ball, round bundle | CDC | |
blaar | n.fem | bladder | ASD | |
blaas | n | bladder | TLL | |
blazen | vb | to blaze, blow, breathe, sound trumpet | CDC | |
bol | n.masc | bowl | ASD | |
boud | adj | bold | CDC | |
huizenblas | n | isinglass | W7 | |
Afrikaans: | bil | n | buttock | W7 |
biltong | n | biltong | W7 | |
Old Flemish: | bale | n | ball/bale, round bundle | CDC |
Flemish: | bal | n | ball | CDC |
Old Saxon: | bald | adj | bold, merry | AHD/GED |
beldian | vb.wk | to encourage | GED | |
Middle Low German: | bal | n | ball | CDC |
balde, bolde | adv | soon, quickly, at once | CDC | |
bale | n | bale, round bundle | CDC | |
blādere | n | bladder | CDC | |
blāsen | vb.str | to blow, breathe, blaze | CDC/GED | |
bulle | n.str.neut | bull, bullock, breeding animal | GED | |
Low German: | ball | n | ball | CDC |
bladere, bledder, blare | n | bladder | CDC | |
Old High German: | bald | adj | bold | GED |
balden | vb.wk | to encourage | GED | |
baldī | n.wk.fem | bravery | GED | |
balla, palla | n.fem | ball, bale | CDC/GED | |
ballo | n.wk.masc | ball | GED | |
blāen | vb | to blow | W7 | |
blāhan | vb.str | to blow | CDC | |
blā(j)an | vb.wk | to blow | ASD/GED | |
blāo | adj | bluish | GED | |
blāsa | n.fem | bubble | GED | |
blāsan | vb.str | to blow | GED | |
blāsen | vb | to blow | RPN | |
blāst | n.str.masc | blast, breath | GED | |
blāt | n.masc | blowing | GED | |
blātara, blattara, blātra | n.fem | bladder | ASD/CDC/W7 | |
blōzan, plo(az)zan | vb.str | to worship (with sacrifice) | ASD/GED | |
bluostar | n.str.neut | offering | GED | |
bluostrāri | n.str.masc | sacrificial priest | GED | |
bolla | n | bowl | CDC | |
bolla | n | blister | W7 | |
hirni-polla | n | skull, lit. brain-bowl | ASD | |
ploz-hūs | n.str.neut | temple | GED | |
Middle High German: | bald | adj | bold | CDC |
balle | n | ball | CDC | |
blæjen | vb | to blow | ASD | |
blæwen | vb | to blow | CDC | |
blāsen | vb | to blow, breathe, blaze | CDC | |
blast | n.masc | blast (of air/wind), blowing, breeze | ASD | |
blāter(e), blatter | n.fem | bladder | ASD/CDC | |
blōdern | vb | to blather, chatter | W7 | |
bluoten | vb | to sacrifice | ASD | |
bole | n | bole, thick plank | CDC | |
bolle | n | bowl | CDC | |
hirn-bolle | n | skull, lit. brain-bowl | ASD | |
New High German: | bille | n.fem | penis | GED |
bulle | n.fem | vulva | GED | |
German: | bald | adv | soon, quickly | CDC |
Ball | n.masc | ball | CDC | |
Ballen | n.masc | bale, package | CDC | |
bladdern | vb.dial | to blather | CDC | |
blähen | vb | to blow | ASD | |
Blase | n.fem | bladder, blister | TLL | |
blasen | vb | to blow, breathe, blaze | CDC | |
Blast | n | blast (of air/wind) | CDC | |
Blatter | n.fem | bladder | ASD | |
Bohle | n.fem | bole, thick plank | CDC | |
Bolle | n | bulb | W7 | |
Bowle | n.fem | (punch) bowl | CDC | |
Bulle | n | bull | TLL | |
Rockenbolle | n | European leek | W7 | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | Baldr | n.masc | Balder: Norse god | W7 |
ballr | adj | bold | ASD | |
blaðra | vb | to blather, chatter | W7 | |
bolli | n.masc | bowl | ASD | |
bolr | n | bole | W7 | |
bulki | n | cargo | W7 | |
böllr | n | ball, testicle | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | baldinn | adj | brave, defiant | GED |
Baldr | prop.n | Balder: Norse god | GED | |
ballr | adj | bold | GED | |
bella | vb.wk | to encourage | GED | |
blār | adj | bluish | GED | |
blāsa | vb.str | to blow | GED | |
blāstr | n.str.masc | blast, breath | GED | |
blōt | n.neut | sacrifice | GED | |
blōta | vb.str | to worship (with sacrifice) | GED | |
blōt-goð | n.str.masc | (heathen) priest | GED | |
blǣr | n.masc | gust of wind | GED | |
boli | n.str.neut | bull, bullock, breeding animal | GED | |
bǫllr | n.str.masc | ball, testicle | GED | |
her-baldr | n.str.masc | leader of army | GED | |
Icelandic: | ballr | adj | bold | CDC |
blaðr | n | blather | CDC | |
blaðra | n.fem | bladder | ASD | |
blaðra | vb | to blather | CDC | |
blāsa | vb | to blow, breathe, blaze | CDC | |
blāstr | n.masc | blast (of air/wind), breeze, blowing | ASD | |
blōta | vb | to sacrifice | ASD | |
bolli | n | bowl | CDC | |
bolr, bulr | n | bole | CDC | |
böllr | n | ball | CDC | |
Norwegian: | böllr | n | ball | CDC |
Old Danish: | blothe | vb | to sacrifice | ASD |
bold | adj | bold | CDC | |
Danish: | bal | n | billiard ball | CDC |
balde | n | ball, testicle | CDC | |
balle | n | bale | CDC | |
blære | n | bladder | ASD | |
blæse | vb | to blow, breathe, blaze | CDC | |
blæst | n | blast (of air/wind) | CDC | |
bold | n | ball | CDC | |
bolle | n | bowl | CDC | |
bul | n | bole, stump, log | CDC | |
buldre | vb | to make loud noise | CDC | |
bølle | n | whortleberry | W7 | |
Old Swedish: | bol, bul | n | bole, body | CDC |
Swedish: | bal | n | bale | CDC |
blota | vb | to sacrifice | ASD | |
blæddra, bläddra | n.fem | bladder | ASD/CDC | |
blåsa | n | bladder | TLL | |
blåsa | vb | to blow, breathe, blaze | CDC | |
blåst | n | blast (of air/wind) | CDC | |
boll | n | ball | CDC | |
buller | n | noise | W7 | |
bullersten | n | large stone in a stream | W7 | |
bål | n | bowl | ASD | |
bål | n | bole, body | CDC | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | balþaba | adv | boldly, frankly | GED |
balþei | n | bield | CDC | |
*balþs | adj | bold | ASD | |
blēsan | vb | to blow, breathe, blaze | CDC | |
*blostr | n | offering | GED | |
blotan | vb.str.VII | to serve (God), honor (through sacrifice) | GED | |
*uf-blesan | vb.str.VII | to boast, blaze, blow, puff up | CDC/GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | afflo, afflāre, afflātus | vb | to blow on | W7 |
balaena | n.fem | whale | W7 | |
flabellum | n.neut | fan | W7 | |
flātus | n.masc | wind, breath, blowing | GED | |
flāvus | adj | golden yellow | GED | |
flō, flāre | vb | to blow | RPN | |
folliculus | n.masc | little bag; inflated ball; scrotum | RPN | |
follis | n.masc | leather bag, bellows; scrotum | RPN | |
fullō | n.masc | fuller | W7 | |
inflo, inflare, inflatus | vb | to inflate, blow in | W7 | |
phallus | n.masc | phallus | W7 | |
sufflō, sufflāre | vb | to blow, puff up | W7 | |
Vulgar Latin: | flabeolum | n.neut | flute | W7 |
flator | n.masc | flavor | W7 | |
fullo, fullāre | vb | to full | W7 | |
Late Latin: | insufflo, insufflāre, insufflāvī, insufflātus | vb | to insufflate | W7 |
Middle Latin: | bal(l)a | n | ball, bale, package, round bundle | CDC |
palla, bala | n | ball, bale | CDC | |
New Latin: | flabellum | n.neut | body organ resembling fan | W7 |
Portuguese: | bala | n | ball, bale | CDC |
balãa | n | balloon | CDC | |
Spanish: | bala | n | ball, bale | CDC |
balon | n | football; large bale | CDC | |
balota | n | ballot | CDC | |
Old French: | bald, baud, boud | adj | bold, gay, lively | CDC |
balene | n | baleen | CDC | |
bal(l)e | n | ball, bale | CDC | |
flajol | n.masc | small flute | W7 | |
flajolet | n.masc | small flute | W7 | |
fol | adj | fool, crazy | W7 | |
folie | n.fem | folly, craziness | W7 | |
Middle French: | baloter | vb | to toss about | W7 |
balotte | n.fem | little ball | W7 | |
flaor | n.fem | flavor | W7 | |
flatulent | adj | passing gas | W7 | |
flavor | n.fem | flavor | W7 | |
fouler | vb | to trample | W7 | |
French: | baleine | n | baleen | CDC |
balle | n | ball, bale | CDC | |
ballon | n.masc | balloon; large football; rounded glass for fine alcohols | W7 | |
bal(l)otte | n | ballot | CDC | |
ballottement | n.masc | shaking, rolling motion | W7 | |
ballotter | vb | to toss around | W7 | |
blasé | adj | blase | W7 | |
bol | n | bowl | CDC | |
flageolet | n.masc | flageolet; haricot bean | W7 | |
rocambolesque | adj | extravagant, re: story of extraordinary adventures | W7 | |
souffle | n.masc | breath, light wind | W7 | |
souffler, soufflē | vb | to blow, puff up | W7 | |
Old Occitan: | bala | n | ball, bale | CDC |
Italian: | balla | n.fem | bale | CDC |
ballone | n.masc | large football | W7 | |
ballotta | n.fem | ballot ball; boiled chestnut | CID/W7 | |
balod | adj | bold, gay | CDC | |
palla | n | ball | CDC | |
pallone | n | balloon, football | CDC | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | bulė | n | buttocks | GED |
bulìs | n | buttocks | GED | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | ithyphallikos | adj | with phallus erect | W7 |
ithyphallos | n.masc | erect phallus | W7 | |
φάλης | n | penis | GED | |
phallaina | n.fem | whale, sea monster | W7 | |
φαλλός | n | penis | GED | |
phellos | n.masc | cork | W7 | |
φληνέω | vb | to be talkative | GED | |
Armenian | ||||
Armenian: | bl-roy | n.gen | hill | GED |
bolor | adj | round | GED | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | bulis | n.fem | vulva, buttocks | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
VII | = | class 7 |
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
dial | = | dialectal |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
gen | = | genitive (case) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
obs | = | obsolete |
prop | = | proper |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
trans | = | transitive |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W2I | = | Webster's New International Dictionary of the English Language, 2nd ed. (1959) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |