Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 6. bhel- 'to speak, bell, bellow, resound'
Semantic Field(s): to Speak, Talk, Loud, Sound (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
English | ||||
Old English: | bealcian, bælcian | vb | to belch | CDC/W7 |
bellan | vb | to bell, bellow | W7 | |
bylgean, bylgian | vb | to bellow | CDC/W7 | |
Middle English: | baulen, bawlen | vb | to bawl, bark | CDC/W7 |
belchen, belken | vb | to belch | W7 | |
belle | n | bell | W7 | |
bellen | vb | to bell | W7 | |
bel(le)wen, belowen | vb | to bellow | CDC | |
English: | bawl | vb | to yell, cry out loudly/unrestrained | AHD/W7 |
belch | vb | to expel gas from stomach through mouth | AHD/W7 | |
bell | n | hollow metallic device that rings/vibrates when stuck | AHD/W7 | |
bell | vb.intrans | to make resonant baying/bellowing sound | AHD/W7 | |
bellow | vb | to roar with deep sound (like a bull) | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Dutch: | bel | n | bell | TLL |
Old High German: | bellan | vb | to bellow | W7 |
German: | bailen | vb | to bawl, bark | CDC |
bellen | vb | to bellow | ASD | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | belja | vb | to bellow | ASD |
bjalla | n.fem | bell | LRC | |
Icelandic: | baula | n | cow | CDC |
baula | vb | to bawl/bellow | CDC | |
Swedish: | böla | vb | to bawl/bellow | ASD/CDC |
båla | vb | to roar | CDC | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | baubari | vb.dep | to bawl, bark | CDC |
Middle Latin: | baulo, baulare | vb | to bawl, bark | CDC |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | bal̃sas | n.masc | voice | LRC |
bylóti, bylója, bylójo | vb | to say | LRC | |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | bhāsate | vb | to talk | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
dep | = | deponent |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
intrans | = | intransitive |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |