Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhen- 'to hit, wound'
Semantic Field(s): to Hit, Strike, Beat, to Harm, Injure, Damage
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bana, bona | n.wk.masc | bane | ASD |
| ben(n) | n.fem | wound | ASD/CDC | |
| Middle English: | bane | n | bane | W7 |
| English: | autobahn | n | (German) espressway | AHD/W7 |
| bane | n | killer, slayer, murderer | AHD/W7 | |
| Mansbane | prop.n | a.k.a. Felarof in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | bona | n | bane | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | bano | n | bane | CDC |
| Old High German: | bano | n | bane; death | W7 |
| Middle High German: | ban(e) | n | way, path | LRC |
| German: | Autobahn | n.fem | expressway | W7 |
| Bahn | n.fem | way, track, road | W7 | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bani | n.masc | bane; (cause of) death | LRC |
| Old Icelandic: | ben(i) | n | bane; wound | LRC |
| Icelandic: | bani | n | bane | CDC |
| ben | n | wound | CDC | |
| Danish: | bane | n | death, murder | CDC |
| Swedish: | bane | n | death, murder | CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | banja | n | blow, wound | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | θάνᾰτος | n.fem | death | LS |
| θείνω | vb | to strike, wound | RPN | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | banta | adj | ill | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| prop | = | proper |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
