Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhelg̑h- 'to swell, bulge, billow'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | bolg | n.masc | sack | GED/IEW |
bolgaim | vb | to swell | GED | |
Middle Irish: | bolg | n.masc | bag, belly, stomach | IED/W7 |
Irish: | bolg | n | bag, belly | RPN |
Welsh: | bol | n | sack, belly | GED |
bola | n | sack, belly | GED | |
boly | n | sack, belly | GED | |
Gaulish: | bolg- | n | bag, belly | LRC |
bulga | n | leather sack | GED | |
English | ||||
Old English: | bæl(i)g, bielg | n.str.masc | bulge, (leather) bag | ASD/W7 |
belgan | vb.str.III | to swell up, be angry | GED | |
belgas | n.pl | bellows | MEV | |
bel(i)g, byl(i)g, bilig | n.str.masc | bulge, bag | ASD/GED | |
bolster | n.masc | bolster | ASD/CDC | |
Middle English: | bellewys | n.pl | bellows | MEV |
below, bel(o)wes | n | bellow(s) | CDC/W7 | |
bely, beli | n | belly | CDC/W7 | |
bolster, bolstre | n | bolster | CDC/W7 | |
bowgette | n | budget | W7 | |
*bylge | n | billow | CDC | |
English: | bellows | n | tool/machine to expand/contract, drawing in/expelling air | AHD/W7 |
belly | n | stomach, abdomen | AHD/W7 | |
billow | n | wave | AHD/W7 | |
billow | vb | to surge, swell, rise/roll in billows | OED | |
blagging | n | conversation, informal talk | AHD | |
Bolger | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
bolster | n | long pillow/cushion extending full width of bed | AHD/W7 | |
Budgeford | prop.n | hobbit town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
budget | n | (leather) pack/pouch/wallet | AHD/W7 | |
bulge | n | lowest area in ship's inner hull | AHD/W7 | |
bulge | vb | to swell, jut out | W7 | |
Scots English: | bowster | n | bolster | CDC |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | balga | n | skin, belly | CDC |
ovir-bulgen | vb.past.ptc | enraged | GED | |
Old Dutch: | bolghe, bulghe | n | bulge, bag | CDC |
Dutch: | balg | n.masc | bulge, bag | ASD |
blaasbalg | n.masc | bellows | CDC | |
bolster | n | bolster | CDC | |
Old Saxon: | balg | n.str.masc | bulge, bag | GED |
belgan | vb.str.III | to swell up, be angry | GED | |
Low German: | bulge | n | bulge, billow | CDC |
Old High German: | balg | n.str.masc | bulge, bag, skin | GED |
belgan | vb.str.III | to swell up, be angry | GED | |
blasbalg | n | bellows | CDC | |
bolstar | n | bolster | CDC | |
bulga | n.fem | bulge, bag, leather sack | GED | |
Middle High German: | balc | n.masc | bulge, bag | ASD |
bolster | n | bolster | CDC | |
bulge | n | bag, billow | CDC | |
German: | Balg | n.masc | bag | ASD |
Blasebalg | n.masc | bellows | CDC | |
Polster | n.neut | bolster | CDC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | belgr | n.masc | bulge, bag | ASD |
bylgja | n | bag | W7 | |
Old Icelandic: | belgja | vb.wk | to cause to swell | GED |
belgr | n.str.masc | bag, belly, flayed animal skin | GED | |
bolginn | vb.past.ptc | swollen | GED | |
Icelandic: | belgr | n.masc | bag | CDC |
blāstrbelgr | n.masc | bellows | CDC | |
bōlstr | n | bolster | CDC | |
bylgia | n | billow | CDC | |
Danish: | blæsebælg | n.masc | bellows | CDC |
bolster | n | bed-ticking | CDC | |
bælg | n.masc | bulge, bag | ASD | |
bölge | n | billow | CDC | |
Swedish: | blåsbalg | n | bellows | CDC |
bolster | n | bed | CDC | |
bölja | n | billow | CDC | |
bälg | n | skin, case, belly | CDC | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | *balgs | n.masc | skin, leather bag | GED |
ufbauljan | vb | to billow, puff up | CDC | |
Italic | ||||
Middle French: | bougette | n.fem | leather bag | W7 |
bou(l)ge | n.masc | leather bag | W7 | |
Baltic | ||||
Old Prussian: | balsinis | n | pillow | GED |
po-balso | n | bolster | GED | |
Latvian: | pa-bàlsts | n.masc | pillow for the head | GED/IEW |
Slavic | ||||
Serbo-Croatian: | blàzina | n | pillow, bolster | GED |
Slovenian: | blazína | n | feather-bed | GED |
Iranian | ||||
Avestan: | barəziš | n.neut | pillow | GED/IEW |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | upa-barhaṇam | n | cover, bolster | GED |
upa-bárhanī | n.fem | cover, bolster | GED/IEW | |
barhíṣ | n.neut | sacrificial straw | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
III | = | class 3 |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
past | = | past (tense) |
pl | = | plural (number) |
prop | = | proper |
ptc | = | participle |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |