Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhelg̑h- 'to swell, bulge, billow'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bolg | n.masc | sack | GED/IEW |
| bolgaim | vb | to swell | GED | |
| Middle Irish: | bolg | n.masc | bag, belly, stomach | IED/W7 |
| Irish: | bolg | n | bag, belly | RPN |
| Welsh: | bol | n | sack, belly | GED |
| bola | n | sack, belly | GED | |
| boly | n | sack, belly | GED | |
| Gaulish: | bolg- | n | bag, belly | LRC |
| bulga | n | leather sack | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bæl(i)g, bielg | n.str.masc | bulge, (leather) bag | ASD/W7 |
| belgan | vb.str.III | to swell up, be angry | GED | |
| belgas | n.pl | bellows | MEV | |
| bel(i)g, byl(i)g, bilig | n.str.masc | bulge, bag | ASD/GED | |
| bolster | n.masc | bolster | ASD/CDC | |
| Middle English: | bellewys | n.pl | bellows | MEV |
| below, bel(o)wes | n | bellow(s) | CDC/W7 | |
| bely, beli | n | belly | CDC/W7 | |
| bolster, bolstre | n | bolster | CDC/W7 | |
| bowgette | n | budget | W7 | |
| *bylge | n | billow | CDC | |
| English: | bellows | n | tool/machine to expand/contract, drawing in/expelling air | AHD/W7 |
| belly | n | stomach, abdomen | AHD/W7 | |
| billow | n | wave | AHD/W7 | |
| billow | vb | to surge, swell, rise/roll in billows | OED | |
| blagging | n | conversation, informal talk | AHD | |
| Bolger | prop.n | hobbit surname in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| bolster | n | long pillow/cushion extending full width of bed | AHD/W7 | |
| Budgeford | prop.n | hobbit town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| budget | n | (leather) pack/pouch/wallet | AHD/W7 | |
| bulge | n | lowest area in ship's inner hull | AHD/W7 | |
| bulge | vb | to swell, jut out | W7 | |
| Scots English: | bowster | n | bolster | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | balga | n | skin, belly | CDC |
| ovir-bulgen | vb.past.ptc | enraged | GED | |
| Old Dutch: | bolghe, bulghe | n | bulge, bag | CDC |
| Dutch: | balg | n.masc | bulge, bag | ASD |
| blaasbalg | n.masc | bellows | CDC | |
| bolster | n | bolster | CDC | |
| Old Saxon: | balg | n.str.masc | bulge, bag | GED |
| belgan | vb.str.III | to swell up, be angry | GED | |
| Low German: | bulge | n | bulge, billow | CDC |
| Old High German: | balg | n.str.masc | bulge, bag, skin | GED |
| belgan | vb.str.III | to swell up, be angry | GED | |
| blasbalg | n | bellows | CDC | |
| bolstar | n | bolster | CDC | |
| bulga | n.fem | bulge, bag, leather sack | GED | |
| Middle High German: | balc | n.masc | bulge, bag | ASD |
| bolster | n | bolster | CDC | |
| bulge | n | bag, billow | CDC | |
| German: | Balg | n.masc | bag | ASD |
| Blasebalg | n.masc | bellows | CDC | |
| Polster | n.neut | bolster | CDC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | belgr | n.masc | bulge, bag | ASD |
| bylgja | n | bag | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | belgja | vb.wk | to cause to swell | GED |
| belgr | n.str.masc | bag, belly, flayed animal skin | GED | |
| bolginn | vb.past.ptc | swollen | GED | |
| Icelandic: | belgr | n.masc | bag | CDC |
| blāstrbelgr | n.masc | bellows | CDC | |
| bōlstr | n | bolster | CDC | |
| bylgia | n | billow | CDC | |
| Danish: | blæsebælg | n.masc | bellows | CDC |
| bolster | n | bed-ticking | CDC | |
| bælg | n.masc | bulge, bag | ASD | |
| bölge | n | billow | CDC | |
| Swedish: | blåsbalg | n | bellows | CDC |
| bolster | n | bed | CDC | |
| bölja | n | billow | CDC | |
| bälg | n | skin, case, belly | CDC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *balgs | n.masc | skin, leather bag | GED |
| ufbauljan | vb | to billow, puff up | CDC | |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle French: | bougette | n.fem | leather bag | W7 |
| bou(l)ge | n.masc | leather bag | W7 | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | balsinis | n | pillow | GED |
| po-balso | n | bolster | GED | |
| Latvian: | pa-bàlsts | n.masc | pillow for the head | GED/IEW |
| Slavic | ||||
| Serbo-Croatian: | blàzina | n | pillow, bolster | GED |
| Slovenian: | blazína | n | feather-bed | GED |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | barəziš | n.neut | pillow | GED/IEW |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | upa-barhaṇam | n | cover, bolster | GED |
| upa-bárhanī | n.fem | cover, bolster | GED/IEW | |
| barhíṣ | n.neut | sacrificial straw | GED | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| past | = | past (tense) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IED | = | Patrick S. Dinneen: An Irish-English Dictionary (1927) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| OED | = | James A.H. Murray et al: The Oxford English Dictionary (1933) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |