Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhendh- 'to tie, bind'
Semantic Field(s): to Bind
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | bann | n | bond, hinge, law | RPN |
English | ||||
Old English: | bend, bænd | n | band: fetter | ASD/W7 |
bendan | vb.wk | to bind; bend, stretch | RPN | |
bindan, bond, bundon, bunden | vb.str.III | to bind, tie | LRC | |
bund | n | bundle | RPN | |
byndel | n | bundle | W7 | |
gebind | n.neut | band, binding, fastening | LRC | |
wudubinde | n | woodbine | W7 | |
Middle English: | band | n | band: bond | W7 |
bande | n | band: strip | W7 | |
bend | n | bend | W7 | |
benden | vb | to bend | LRC | |
binden | vb | to bind | W7 | |
bond | n | bond | W7 | |
bundel | n | bundle | W7 | |
riban | n | ribbon | W7 | |
wodebinde | n | woodbine | W7 | |
English: | band | n | strip, belt, cord | AHD/W7 |
band | n | bond allowing some movement | AHD/W7 | |
bandanna | n | large figured handkerchief | AHD/W7 | |
bend, bent | vb.wk | to flex, curve, strain to tension | W7 | |
bend | n | diagonal band | AHD/W7 | |
bind, bound | vb.str | to secure by tying | AHD/W7 | |
bindlestiff | n | tramp with bundled possessions | AHD | |
bond | n | fetter, thing that binds/restrains | AHD/W7 | |
bund | n | embankment used to control water flow | AHD/W7 | |
bund | n | political association | AHD/W7 | |
bundle | n | items fastened together for handling convenience | AHD/W7 | |
cummerbund | n | broad sash worn as waistband | AHD/W7 | |
ribbon | n | narrow flat/tubular woven fabric for trimming/knitting | AHD/W7 | |
woodbine | n | honeysuckle | AHD/W7 | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | band | n | band | CDC |
bende | n | bend, bond | CDC | |
binda | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
Frisian: | bynnen | vb | to bind, tie | ASD |
Old Dutch: | bende | n | bend, bond | CDC |
Dutch: | band | n | band | CDC |
bind | n.neut | joint, crossbeam | CDC | |
binden | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | band | n | band | CDC |
bendi | n | bend, bond | CDC | |
bindan | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
Old High German: | bant | n | band | W7 |
binda, binta | n | bend, tie, fillet, cravat | RPN | |
bintan | vb | to bind | RPN | |
Middle High German: | bant | n | band | CDC |
binde | n | bend, tie, fillet, cravat | CDC | |
binden, benden | vb | to bind, tie, fetter | ASD | |
bunt | n | band: cord; league, coalition | W7 | |
German: | Band | n.neut | band | CDC |
Binde | n.fem | band, tie, fillet, cravat | CDC | |
binden | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
Bund | n.masc | band: cord; league, coalition | W7 | |
Bündel | n.masc | bundle | LRC | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Norse: | band | n | band: cord; coaltion | W7 |
Old Icelandic: | benda | n | band, tie | RPN |
benda | vb | to bend | RPN | |
bendi | n | band: cord | RPN | |
binda | vb | to bind, tie, fasten | RPN | |
Icelandic: | band | n | band | CDC |
benda | vb | to bend | CDC | |
binda | vb | to bind | CDC | |
Danish: | baand | n | band, tie | CDC |
bind | n.neut | band, tie | CDC | |
binde | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
bænde | vb | to bend | CDC | |
Swedish: | band | n | band | CDC |
binda | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
bända | vb | to bend | CDC | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | bandi | n | band: bond | RPN |
bindan | vb | to bind | RPN | |
ga-binda, ga-bindi | n | band, tie | ASD | |
Italic | ||||
Middle Latin: | benda, binda | n | bend | CDC |
Portuguese: | banda | n | band: strip | CDC |
bandanna | n | bandanna | AHD | |
venda | n | bend | CDC | |
vender | vb | to bind; hoodwink | CDC | |
Spanish: | banda | n.fem | band: strip | CDC |
venda | n | bend | CDC | |
vender | vb | to bind; hoodwink | CDC | |
Old French: | bande | n | band: strip | CDC |
bende | n | bend | CDC | |
bender | vb | to bend, bind, tie | CDC | |
Middle French: | bande | n.fem | band: strip; troop | W7 |
riban | n.masc | ribbon | W7 | |
ruban | n.masc | ribbon | W7 | |
French: | bande | n | band: strip | CDC |
bander | vb | to bend, bind, tie | CDC | |
Old Occitan: | benda | n | bend | CDC |
bendar | vb | to bind; hoodwink | CDC | |
Italian: | banda | n | band: strip | CDC |
benda | n | bend | CDC | |
bendare | vb | to bind; hoodwink | CDC | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | beñdras | n.masc | friend, participant | LRC |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | πεῖσμα | n.neut | rope, cable | LRC |
φάτνη | n.fem | manger | LRC | |
Iranian | ||||
Persian: | band | n | band: bond | W7 |
kamarband | n | sash | W7 | |
Avestan: | bandayaiti | vb | to bind | LRC |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | baddhá-ḥ | adj | bound, tied, fastened | RPN |
badhnā́ti | vb | to bind | LRC | |
bandhá-ḥ | n | bond, knot, chain | RPN | |
bandhayati | vb | to cause to bind | RPN | |
bándhu-ḥ | n | connection, relation | RPN | |
bandhura-ḥ | adj | bent, curved | RPN | |
bandhnāti | vb | to bind, tie, fasten | RPN | |
Hindi: | kamarband | n | sash | W7 |
band | n | embankement along river | W7 | |
bā̃dhnā | vb | to tie | W7 | |
bā̃dhnū | n | dyeing cloth tied in knots | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
III | = | class 3 |
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |