Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhendh- 'to tie, bind'
Semantic Field(s): to Bind
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | bann | n | bond, hinge, law | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bend, bænd | n | band: fetter | ASD/W7 |
| bendan | vb.wk | to bind; bend, stretch | RPN | |
| bindan, bond, bundon, bunden | vb.str.III | to bind, tie | LRC | |
| bund | n | bundle | RPN | |
| byndel | n | bundle | W7 | |
| gebind | n.neut | band, binding, fastening | LRC | |
| wudubinde | n | woodbine | W7 | |
| Middle English: | band | n | band: bond | W7 |
| bande | n | band: strip | W7 | |
| bend | n | bend | W7 | |
| benden | vb | to bend | LRC | |
| binden | vb | to bind | W7 | |
| bond | n | bond | W7 | |
| bundel | n | bundle | W7 | |
| riban | n | ribbon | W7 | |
| wodebinde | n | woodbine | W7 | |
| English: | band | n | strip, belt, cord | AHD/W7 |
| band | n | bond allowing some movement | AHD/W7 | |
| bandanna | n | large figured handkerchief | AHD/W7 | |
| bend, bent | vb.wk | to flex, curve, strain to tension | W7 | |
| bend | n | diagonal band | AHD/W7 | |
| bind, bound | vb.str | to secure by tying | AHD/W7 | |
| bindlestiff | n | tramp with bundled possessions | AHD | |
| bond | n | fetter, thing that binds/restrains | AHD/W7 | |
| bund | n | embankment used to control water flow | AHD/W7 | |
| bund | n | political association | AHD/W7 | |
| bundle | n | items fastened together for handling convenience | AHD/W7 | |
| cummerbund | n | broad sash worn as waistband | AHD/W7 | |
| ribbon | n | narrow flat/tubular woven fabric for trimming/knitting | AHD/W7 | |
| woodbine | n | honeysuckle | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | band | n | band | CDC |
| bende | n | bend, bond | CDC | |
| binda | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
| Frisian: | bynnen | vb | to bind, tie | ASD |
| Old Dutch: | bende | n | bend, bond | CDC |
| Dutch: | band | n | band | CDC |
| bind | n.neut | joint, crossbeam | CDC | |
| binden | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | band | n | band | CDC |
| bendi | n | bend, bond | CDC | |
| bindan | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
| Old High German: | bant | n | band | W7 |
| binda, binta | n | bend, tie, fillet, cravat | RPN | |
| bintan | vb | to bind | RPN | |
| Middle High German: | bant | n | band | CDC |
| binde | n | bend, tie, fillet, cravat | CDC | |
| binden, benden | vb | to bind, tie, fetter | ASD | |
| bunt | n | band: cord; league, coalition | W7 | |
| German: | Band | n.neut | band | CDC |
| Binde | n.fem | band, tie, fillet, cravat | CDC | |
| binden | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
| Bund | n.masc | band: cord; league, coalition | W7 | |
| Bündel | n.masc | bundle | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | band | n | band: cord; coaltion | W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | benda | n | band, tie | RPN |
| benda | vb | to bend | RPN | |
| bendi | n | band: cord | RPN | |
| binda | vb | to bind, tie, fasten | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | band | n | band | CDC |
| benda | vb | to bend | CDC | |
| binda | vb | to bind | CDC | |
| Danish: | baand | n | band, tie | CDC |
| bind | n.neut | band, tie | CDC | |
| binde | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
| bænde | vb | to bend | CDC | |
| Swedish: | band | n | band | CDC |
| binda | vb | to bind, tie | ASD | |
| bända | vb | to bend | CDC | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | bandi | n | band: bond | RPN |
| bindan | vb | to bind | RPN | |
| ga-binda, ga-bindi | n | band, tie | ASD | |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle Latin: | benda, binda | n | bend | CDC |
| Portuguese: | banda | n | band: strip | CDC |
| bandanna | n | bandanna | AHD | |
| venda | n | bend | CDC | |
| vender | vb | to bind; hoodwink | CDC | |
| Spanish: | banda | n.fem | band: strip | CDC |
| venda | n | bend | CDC | |
| vender | vb | to bind; hoodwink | CDC | |
| Old French: | bande | n | band: strip | CDC |
| bende | n | bend | CDC | |
| bender | vb | to bend, bind, tie | CDC | |
| Middle French: | bande | n.fem | band: strip; troop | W7 |
| riban | n.masc | ribbon | W7 | |
| ruban | n.masc | ribbon | W7 | |
| French: | bande | n | band: strip | CDC |
| bander | vb | to bend, bind, tie | CDC | |
| Old Occitan: | benda | n | bend | CDC |
| bendar | vb | to bind; hoodwink | CDC | |
| Italian: | banda | n | band: strip | CDC |
| benda | n | bend | CDC | |
| bendare | vb | to bind; hoodwink | CDC | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | beñdras | n.masc | friend, participant | LRC |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | πεῖσμα | n.neut | rope, cable | LRC |
| φάτνη | n.fem | manger | LRC | |
| Iranian | ||||
| Persian: | band | n | band: bond | W7 |
| kamarband | n | sash | W7 | |
| Avestan: | bandayaiti | vb | to bind | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | baddhá-ḥ | adj | bound, tied, fastened | RPN |
| badhnā́ti | vb | to bind | LRC | |
| bandhá-ḥ | n | bond, knot, chain | RPN | |
| bandhayati | vb | to cause to bind | RPN | |
| bándhu-ḥ | n | connection, relation | RPN | |
| bandhura-ḥ | adj | bent, curved | RPN | |
| bandhnāti | vb | to bind, tie, fasten | RPN | |
| Hindi: | kamarband | n | sash | W7 |
| band | n | embankement along river | W7 | |
| bā̃dhnā | vb | to tie | W7 | |
| bā̃dhnū | n | dyeing cloth tied in knots | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |