Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bheng̑h-, bhn̥g̑h-, adj. bhn̥g̑hú-s 'fat, thick, dense'
Semantic Field(s): Thick (in Dimension), Thick (in Density)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| English: | bahuvrihi | n | nominal compound with non-compositional meaning | AHD |
| pachycephalosaur | n | herbivorous dinosaur with thick domed skull | AHD | |
| pachyderm | n | nonruminant hoofed mammal with thick skin | AHD/W7 | |
| pachysandra | n | evergreen woody trailing plant, used as ground cover | AHD/W7 | |
| pachytene | n | 3rd stage of prophase of meiosis | AHD | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | bungo | n | clod, lump | RPN |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | bingr | n | heap | W7 |
| Old Icelandic: | bunki | n | heap, pile | RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| New Latin: | pachysandra | n.fem | genus of evergreen plants | W7 |
| French: | pachyderme | n.masc | thick-skinned animal, elephant | W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Latvian: | bieza | adj | thick | LRC |
| bìezs | adj | thick | RPN | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | pachydermos | adj | thick-skinned | W7 |
| παχύς | adj | thick, fat, massive | RPN | |
| pachys | adj | thick | W7 | |
| παχύτης | n.fem | thickness | LRC | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Hittite: | pa-an-ku-uš | pron | all, whole | RPN |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | baṁhate | vb | to grow, to increase | RPN |
| bahú-ḥ | adj | much, great, large | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
