Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bheredh-, bhṛdho- 'to cut; board'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, Board
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Irish: | bord | n.masc | board | ASD |
| Gaelic: | bord | n | board | CDC |
| Cornish: | bord | n.fem | board | ASD |
| Welsh: | bord, bwrdh | n | board | ASD |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bord | n.str.neut | board; shield, table; ship's side | GED |
| bred | n.str.neut | board | GED/RPN | |
| fōt-bred | n.neut | stirrup, lit. foot-board | GED | |
| stēor-bord | n | starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board | W7 | |
| Middle English: | bord(e), boord | n | board; table; ship's side | CDC/MEV/W7 |
| bordel | n | bordel | W7 | |
| bord(e)ure, border | n | border | CDC/W7 | |
| sterbord | n | starboard | W7 | |
| English: | board | n | plank, piece of sawed lumber; edge, border | AHD/W7 |
| bordel | n | brothel | W7 | |
| bordello | n | bordel | AHD/W7 | |
| border | n | outer part/edge/boundary | AHD/W7 | |
| border | vb | to create/lie on border | W7 | |
| forficate | adj | forked, branched, bifurcate | AHD | |
| smorgasbord | n | luncheon/dinner buffet offering variety of foods | AHD/W7 | |
| starboard | n | right side of ship (looking forward) | AHD/W7 | |
| Scots English: | bordour | n | border | CDC |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | bord | n.str.neut | board | GED/RPN |
| Frisian: | bo(e)rd | n.masc | board | ASD |
| Old Dutch: | bred | n.neut | board | ASD |
| Middle Dutch: | bert | n.str.neut | board | GED |
| Dutch: | berd | n.neut | board | ASD |
| bo(o)rd | n.masc | board | ASD | |
| stuur-boord | n | starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | bord | n.str.masc | board | GED/RPN |
| bred | n.str.neut | board | GED/RPN | |
| Middle Low German: | bort | n.str.neut | board; table | GED |
| bret | n.str.neut | board | GED | |
| Low German: | boord | n | board | CDC |
| Old High German: | bort(i), borto | n.str.masc | board; ship's side | ASD/W7 |
| bret | n.str.neut | board, plank | GED/RPN | |
| britir | n.fem | lattice | GED | |
| Middle High German: | bort | n | board | ASD |
| brët | n.neut | board | ASD | |
| German: | Bord | n | board | ASD |
| Bordüre | n.fem | border | LRC | |
| Bret(t) | n.neut | board | ASD | |
| Pritsche | n.fem | iron/plank bed | GED | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Icelandic: | borð | n.str.neut | board, plank | GED/RPN |
| fōt-borð | n.str.neut | lit. foot-board | GED | |
| Icelandic: | borð | n.neut | board | ASD |
| stjórn-borði | n | starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board | ASD | |
| Danish: | bord | n.neut | board | ASD |
| brædt | n | board | CDC | |
| styr-bord | n | starboard | ASD | |
| Swedish: | bord | n.masc | board; table | ASD/W7 |
| bräde | n | board | CDC | |
| smörgåsbord | n | large mixed hors d'oeuvre | SEO/W7 | |
| styr-bord | n | starboard | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | baurd | n.neut | board | CDC |
| fotu-baurd | n.neut | footstool, lit. foot-board | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | forfex, forficis | n.fem | shears, scissors | AHD |
| Middle Latin: | bordatura | n | edge, border | CDC |
| bordus | n | board | ASD | |
| Portuguese: | borda | n | edge, side, border | CDC |
| bordadura | n | border | CDC | |
| bordar | vb | to edge, border | CDC | |
| bordo | n | board | CDC | |
| Old Spanish: | borda | n | board | CDC |
| Spanish: | bordadura | n | border | CDC |
| bordar | vb | to edge, border | CDC | |
| bordo | n.masc | board | ASD | |
| Old French: | borde | n.masc | hut | W7 |
| bordel | n.masc | bordel | W7 | |
| border | vb | to border | W7 | |
| bord(e)ure | n.fem | border | CDC/W7 | |
| Middle French: | bordel | n | bordel | W7 |
| French: | bord | n.masc | board | ASD |
| border | vb | to edge, border | CDC | |
| bordure | n | border | CDC | |
| Provençal: | bordadura | n | border | CDC |
| bordar | vb | to edge, border | CDC | |
| Italian: | bordare | vb | to edge, border | CDC |
| bordatura | n | border | CDC | |
| bordello | n.masc | bordello; uproar | CID/W7 | |
| bordo | n.masc | board | ASD | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | πέρθω | vb | to sack, destroy | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bardhaka | n.masc/adj | carpenter; cut off | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| SEO | = | Norstedts Stora Svensk-Engelska Ordbok, 3rd ed. (2000) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |