Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bheredh-, bhṛdho- 'to cut; board'
Semantic Field(s): to Cut, Board
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Irish: | bord | n.masc | board | ASD |
Gaelic: | bord | n | board | CDC |
Cornish: | bord | n.fem | board | ASD |
Welsh: | bord, bwrdh | n | board | ASD |
English | ||||
Old English: | bord | n.str.neut | board; shield, table; ship's side | GED |
bred | n.str.neut | board | GED/RPN | |
fōt-bred | n.neut | stirrup, lit. foot-board | GED | |
stēor-bord | n | starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board | W7 | |
Middle English: | bord(e), boord | n | board; table; ship's side | CDC/MEV/W7 |
bordel | n | bordel | W7 | |
bord(e)ure, border | n | border | CDC/W7 | |
sterbord | n | starboard | W7 | |
English: | board | n | plank, piece of sawed lumber; edge, border | AHD/W7 |
bordel | n | brothel | W7 | |
bordello | n | bordel | AHD/W7 | |
border | n | outer part/edge/boundary | AHD/W7 | |
border | vb | to create/lie on border | W7 | |
forficate | adj | forked, branched, bifurcate | AHD | |
smorgasbord | n | luncheon/dinner buffet offering variety of foods | AHD/W7 | |
starboard | n | right side of ship (looking forward) | AHD/W7 | |
Scots English: | bordour | n | border | CDC |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | bord | n.str.neut | board | GED/RPN |
Frisian: | bo(e)rd | n.masc | board | ASD |
Old Dutch: | bred | n.neut | board | ASD |
Middle Dutch: | bert | n.str.neut | board | GED |
Dutch: | berd | n.neut | board | ASD |
bo(o)rd | n.masc | board | ASD | |
stuur-boord | n | starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board | ASD | |
Old Saxon: | bord | n.str.masc | board | GED/RPN |
bred | n.str.neut | board | GED/RPN | |
Middle Low German: | bort | n.str.neut | board; table | GED |
bret | n.str.neut | board | GED | |
Low German: | boord | n | board | CDC |
Old High German: | bort(i), borto | n.str.masc | board; ship's side | ASD/W7 |
bret | n.str.neut | board, plank | GED/RPN | |
britir | n.fem | lattice | GED | |
Middle High German: | bort | n | board | ASD |
brët | n.neut | board | ASD | |
German: | Bord | n | board | ASD |
Bordüre | n.fem | border | LRC | |
Bret(t) | n.neut | board | ASD | |
Pritsche | n.fem | iron/plank bed | GED | |
North Germanic | ||||
Old Icelandic: | borð | n.str.neut | board, plank | GED/RPN |
fōt-borð | n.str.neut | lit. foot-board | GED | |
Icelandic: | borð | n.neut | board | ASD |
stjórn-borði | n | starboard, lit. steer(ing)-board | ASD | |
Danish: | bord | n.neut | board | ASD |
brædt | n | board | CDC | |
styr-bord | n | starboard | ASD | |
Swedish: | bord | n.masc | board; table | ASD/W7 |
bräde | n | board | CDC | |
smörgåsbord | n | large mixed hors d'oeuvre | SEO/W7 | |
styr-bord | n | starboard | ASD | |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | baurd | n.neut | board | CDC |
fotu-baurd | n.neut | footstool, lit. foot-board | GED | |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | forfex, forficis | n.fem | shears, scissors | AHD |
Middle Latin: | bordatura | n | edge, border | CDC |
bordus | n | board | ASD | |
Portuguese: | borda | n | edge, side, border | CDC |
bordadura | n | border | CDC | |
bordar | vb | to edge, border | CDC | |
bordo | n | board | CDC | |
Old Spanish: | borda | n | board | CDC |
Spanish: | bordadura | n | border | CDC |
bordar | vb | to edge, border | CDC | |
bordo | n.masc | board | ASD | |
Old French: | borde | n.masc | hut | W7 |
bordel | n.masc | bordel | W7 | |
border | vb | to border | W7 | |
bord(e)ure | n.fem | border | CDC/W7 | |
Middle French: | bordel | n | bordel | W7 |
French: | bord | n.masc | board | ASD |
border | vb | to edge, border | CDC | |
bordure | n | border | CDC | |
Provençal: | bordadura | n | border | CDC |
bordar | vb | to edge, border | CDC | |
Italian: | bordare | vb | to edge, border | CDC |
bordatura | n | border | CDC | |
bordello | n.masc | bordello; uproar | CID/W7 | |
bordo | n.masc | board | ASD | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | πέρθω | vb | to sack, destroy | GED |
Indic | ||||
Sanskrit: | bardhaka | n.masc/adj | carpenter; cut off | RPN |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
fem | = | feminine (gender) |
masc | = | masculine (gender) |
n | = | noun |
neut | = | neuter (gender) |
str | = | strong (inflection) |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
SEO | = | Norstedts Stora Svensk-Engelska Ordbok, 3rd ed. (2000) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |