Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhereg- '(onomatopoeic: to bark, cry, roar, etc.)'
Semantic Field(s): Sound (n)
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | beorcan | vb | to bark | W7 |
| Middle English: | berken, barken, borken | vb | to bark | CDC/W7 |
| English: | bark | vb | to make short loud cry, like dog | AHD/W7 |
| Scots English: | birkie | n | lively smart assertive person | AHD/W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | berkja | vb | to bark | W7 |
| Icelandic: | berkja | vb.wk | to bark, bluster | CDC |
| brækta | vb | to bleat | CDC | |
| Norwegian: | brækta, bræka | vb | to bleat | CDC |
| Danish: | bræge | vb | to bleat | CDC |
| Swedish: | bräka | vb | to bleat | CDC |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | burgėti | vb | to growl | W7 |
| Latvian: | brèkt | vb | to cry | RPN |
| Slavic | ||||
| Polish: | brzechać | vb | to bark | RPN |
| Czech: | břechati | vb | to yelp | RPN |
| Serbo-Croatian: | brèktati | vb | to puff | RPN |
| Slovenian: | brẹ́hati | vb | to pant | RPN |
| Russian: | brexát' | vb | to bark, yelp; to tell lies | RPN |
| brexnjá | n | lie, prevarication | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| n | = | noun |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
