Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bh(e)reu- : bh(e)rū̆- 'to brew, boil, surge, be wild'
Semantic Field(s): to Boil (intrans, Wave, Surge, Rage, Fury
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | berbaid | vb | to cook | GED |
| bruth | n | fermentation | GED | |
| tipra | n.fem | source, fountain | GED | |
| Middle Irish: | berbaim | vb | to boil | RPN |
| Old Welsh: | brwd | n | fermentation | GED |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | bærnan | vb.wk | to burn, kindle, set afire | GED |
| beornan, bi(e)rnan, byrnan | vb.str | to burn, blaze, be on fire | GED | |
| brāde | n | roasted meat | CDC | |
| brǣd | n | flesh | W7 | |
| brǣdan, brēdan | vb | to roast, broil | ASD/GED | |
| brand, brond | n.str.masc | brand, blaze; sword | ASD/GED | |
| brēad, brēod | n.str.neut | bread; bit, morsel, fragment | ASD/GED | |
| brēdan | vb | to breed | W7 | |
| brennian | vb.wk | to cause to burn | GED | |
| brēowan | vb.str | to brew, prepare through fermentation | GED | |
| brinnan, bearn, burnon, bornen | vb | to burn | RPN | |
| brōd | n.str.fem | brood | GED | |
| broð | n.neut | broth | ASD/GED | |
| brunna | n.wk.masc | burn; fount, spring, source | GED | |
| bryn-stān | n.masc | brimstone | MEV | |
| burn | n.str.fem | burn | ODE | |
| burna, burne | n.wk.masc/fem | burn; fount, spring, source | ASD/GED | |
| byrne | n.str.masc | fire, flame | GED | |
| Middle English: | birnen | vb | to burn | W7 |
| brand, brond | n | brand, blaze; sword | CDC/W7 | |
| braundisshen, braundis(h)en | vb | to brandish | CDC/W7 | |
| brawn, braun | n | brawn | CDC/W7 | |
| bred-corn | n | lit. bread-grain | MEV | |
| breden | vb | to breed | W7 | |
| breed, bred(e) | n | bread | MEV/W7 | |
| brended | adj | brindled | AHD | |
| brewen | vb | to brew | W7 | |
| brewes | n | broth | W7 | |
| brinston, brynstane | n | brimstone | MEV/W7 | |
| broilen | vb | to broil | AHD | |
| brood | n | brood | W7 | |
| broth | n | broth | W7 | |
| burn, borne | n | burn | MEV/W7 | |
| English: | blaff | n | West Indian fish/pork stew | AHD |
| bourn(e) | n | burn | AHD/W7 | |
| braciola | n | thin slice of meat (wrapped around stuffing) | AHD | |
| braise | vb.trans | to slowly cook with fat in closed pot | AHD/W7 | |
| Brand | prop.n | Dale king in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| brand | n | torch, charred/burning wood | AHD/GED/W7 | |
| brandade | n | salted cod dish | AHD | |
| brandish | vb.trans | to shake/wave (weapon) menacingly | AHD/W7 | |
| brandy | n | brandywine | AHD/W7 | |
| Brandybuck | prop.n | hobbit clan in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Brandywine | prop.n | Shire river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| brandywine | n | alcoholic liquor distilled from peach wine | AHD/W7 | |
| bratwurst | n | small fried pork sausage | AHD | |
| brawn | n | full strong muscles of arm/leg | AHD/W7 | |
| braze | vb | to solder with infusible alloy | AHD/W7 | |
| brazier | n | pan to hold burning coals | AHD/W7 | |
| bread | n | baked food: flour/meal mixed with liquid/shortening/leavening | AHD/W7 | |
| breed, bred | vb.str | to reproduce (offspring) by hatching/gestation | AHD/W7 | |
| bresaola | n | dried sliced salt-cured beef | AHD | |
| brew | n | beverage made by brewing | AHD | |
| brew | vb | to prepare by infusion/steeping/boiling/fermentation | AHD/W7 | |
| brewis | n | broth | AHD/W7 | |
| brimstone | n | sulfur | AHD/W7 | |
| brindled | adj | tawny/grayish with darker spots/streaks | AHD | |
| broil | n | brawl, rowdy argument | AHD | |
| broil | vb.obs | to brawl, engage in rowdy argument | AHD | |
| brood | n | (family of) animal young | AHD/W7 | |
| broth | n | stock, liquid in which fish/meat/vegetables/cereal grains were cooked | AHD/W7 | |
| burn, burnt | vb.wk | to blaze, set afire | AHD/W7 | |
| burn | n | brook, stream, rivulet | AHD/W7 | |
| embroil | vb.trans | to throw into disorder/confusion | AHD/W7 | |
| Erkenbrand | prop.n | Westfold master in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| fornicate | adj | having arched/vaulted form | AHD/W7 | |
| fornicate | vb.trans | to have sexual intercourse while unmarried | AHD/W7 | |
| fornix | n | anatomical arch/foldfold | AHD/W7 | |
| Herubrand | prop.n | Rohan rider in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| imbroglio | n | confused mass | AHD/W7 | |
| phreatic | adj | subterranean, re: ground water | AHD | |
| sauerbraten | n | marinated roasted beef | AHD/W7 | |
| Snowbourn | prop.n | Rohan river in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| Upbourn | prop.n | Rohan village in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| waybread | n | bread for journey in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | barna, berna | vb.str | to burn | GED |
| brād | n.str.neut | bread | GED | |
| brand, brond | n.str.masc | brand, blaze; sword | GED | |
| brēda | vb | to roast, broil | GED | |
| burna | n.wk.masc | burn; fount, source | GED | |
| Frisian: | brān | n | brand; sword | ASD |
| briede | vb | to roast | ASD | |
| Old Dutch: | bernen | vb | to burn | ASD |
| brand | n | brand, blaze; sword | CDC | |
| Middle Dutch: | borne | n | burn | ODE |
| brant | adj | distilled | W7 | |
| brantwijn | n | brandywine | W7 | |
| bro | n | bread | GED | |
| broeijen | vb.wk | to brood, warm | GED | |
| Dutch: | born, bron | n.fem | bourn | ASD |
| braden | vb | to roast, broil | ASD | |
| brand | n.masc | brand, fire | ASD | |
| branden | vb | to burn | ASD | |
| brandewijn | n | brandywine | W7 | |
| brand(t)wijn | n | brandywine | CDC | |
| broed | n.str.neut | brood | GED | |
| brood | n | bread | TLL | |
| brouwen | vb.str | to brew | GED | |
| gebroed | n.neut | brood | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | brādon | vb | to roast | GED |
| brinnan, brennan | vb.str | to burn | ASD/GED | |
| brōd | n.str.neut | bread | GED | |
| brunno | n.wk.masc | burn; fount, source | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | born(e) | n | burn | ODE |
| brannewīn | n | brandywine | CDC | |
| brant | n.str.masc | brand, blaze | GED | |
| brōien | vb.wk | to burn, scorch | GED | |
| brōt | n | bread | CDC | |
| Low German: | brood | n | bread | CDC |
| Old High German: | brant | n.str.masc | brand, blaze; sword | GED |
| brātan | vb | to roast, broil | GED | |
| brāto | n | piece of flesh | CDC | |
| brennen | vb.wk | to cause to burn | GED | |
| brinnan, brennan, prennan | vb.str | to burn | ASD/GED | |
| briuwan | vb.str | to brew | GED/RPN | |
| brod, brōd | n.neut | broth | ASD/W7 | |
| brōt | n.str.neut | bread | GED | |
| brunno | n.wk.masc | burn; fount, source | GED | |
| brunst | n.str.fem | blaze, heat | GED | |
| prod | n | broth | GED | |
| Middle High German: | brant | n.masc | brand, fire | ASD |
| brantweīn | n | brandywine | CDC | |
| brāte | n | roasted meat | CDC | |
| brāten | vb | to roast | ASD | |
| brennen | vb | to burn | ASD | |
| briuwen | vb | to brew | ASD | |
| brod | n.neut | broth | ASD | |
| brōt | n | bread | CDC | |
| brüeje | n.fem | brew, broth | GED | |
| brü(ej)en | vb.wk | to brew; singe, burn, scorch | GED | |
| brunne, burne | n.masc | bourn | ASD | |
| bruot | n.str.fem | brood | GED | |
| Early New High German: | aus-brüen | vb.wk | to hatch | GED |
| German: | Born | n.masc | bourn | ASD |
| Brand | n.masc | brand, fire | ASD | |
| Branntwein | n.masc | spirits, brandywine | LRC | |
| Braten | n.masc | roasted meat | W7 | |
| braten | vb | to roast, broil | ASD | |
| Bratwurst | n.fem | bratwurst | LRC | |
| brauen | vb | to brew | ASD | |
| brennen | vb | to burn | ASD | |
| Brot | n.neut | bread | TLL | |
| Brühe | n.fem | broth | LRC | |
| Brunnen | n.masc | bourn; fount, source | ASD | |
| Brut | n.fem | brood | ASD | |
| Sauerbraten | n | sauerbraten, lit. sour roast | W7 | |
| Schönbrunn | prop.n | Viennese palace, lit. beautiful fountain | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | brenna, brann | vb.str.intrans | to burn, be on fire | LRC |
| brenna, brennad | vb.wk.trans | to burn, light, set on fire | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | brandr | n.str.masc | brand, blaze | GED |
| brasa, brasað | vb | to braze, harden in fire | ICE | |
| brauð | n.str.neut | bread | GED/RPN | |
| brenna | vb.wk | to cause to burn | GED | |
| brinna | vb.str | to burn | GED | |
| broð | n | broth | GED | |
| brugga | vb.wk | to brew, prepare through fermentation | GED | |
| brundr | n.str.masc | blaze, heat | GED | |
| bruni | n.str.masc | burning | GED | |
| brunnr | n.str.masc | fount, source | GED | |
| *bryggja | vb.str | to brew, prepare through fermentation | GED | |
| Icelandic: | brandr | n.masc | brand, fire; sword blade | ASD |
| brasa | vb | to braze, harden by fire | CDC | |
| brauð | n | bread | TLL | |
| brugga | vb | to brew | ASD | |
| brunnr | n.masc | bourn | ASD | |
| Danish: | brad | n | joint of meat | CDC |
| brand | n | brand, fire | ASD | |
| brase | vb | to fry, braise | CDC | |
| brygge | vb | to brew | ASD | |
| brönd | n.masc/fem | bourn | ASD | |
| brøt | n | bread | TLL | |
| brände | vb | to burn | ASD | |
| Swedish: | brand | n.masc | brand, fire | ASD |
| brasa | n | flame | CDC | |
| brunn | n.masc | bourn | ASD | |
| brygga | vb | to brew | ASD | |
| bröd | n | bread | TLL | |
| bränna | vb | to burn | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *ala-brunsts | n.fem | burnt offering | GED |
| brannjan | vb | to burn | ASD | |
| *brinnan | vb.str.III | to burn | GED | |
| brinno | n.fem | fever | GED | |
| brunna | n.str.masc | fount, source | GED | |
| *gabrannjan | vb.wk.I | to burn up | GED | |
| *inbrannjan | vb.wk.I | to set on fire | GED | |
| *ufbrinnan | vb.str.III | to burn up | GED | |
| Crimean Gothic: | *broet, broe | n | bread | CGo/GED |
| brunna | n.str.masc | fount, source | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dēfrutum | n | boiled-down cider | GED |
| fornix, fornicis | n.masc | arch, vault; brothel | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | fornicatus | vb.ptc | arched, vaulted | W7 |
| fornico, fornicāre, fornicātus | vb | to fornicate | W7 | |
| New Latin: | fornix | n.fem | anatomical arch/fold | W7 |
| Portuguese: | abrazar | vb | to set on fire | CDC |
| bradon, brazon, braon | n | brawn, piece of flesh | CDC | |
| brandir | vb | to brandish | CDC | |
| braza | n | ember, live coal | CDC | |
| Old Spanish: | brahon | n | brawn, piece of flesh | CDC |
| Spanish: | abrasar | vb | to set on fire | CDC |
| blandir | vb | to brandish | CDC | |
| brasa | n.fem | ember, live coal | CDC | |
| brasero | n.masc | brazier | LRC | |
| Old French: | abraser, esbraser | vb | to set on fire | CDC |
| bodne, bonne | n | bourn; bound, limit, destination | CDC | |
| brand, bran(t) | n | sword | CDC | |
| brandir | vb | to brandish | W7 | |
| braon | n | meat, brawn | AHD | |
| broet, broez | n.masc | broth | W7 | |
| Anglo-French: | breu | n | brew, broth | AHD |
| broiller | vb | to broil, confuse, mix up | AHD | |
| Middle French: | brandir, brandissē | vb | to brandish | W7 |
| braon | n | brawn, muscle | W7 | |
| brouiller | vb | to broil | W7 | |
| burn, bourne | n.masc | bourn | W7 | |
| embrouiller | vb | to entangle, cover up | W7 | |
| French: | borne | n.fem | bound, limit, marker | CDC |
| bracier | n | brazier | CDC | |
| braise | n.fem | ember, live coal(s) | CDC | |
| braiser | vb | to braise, cook over live coals | CDC | |
| brandade | n | brandade | AHD | |
| brandir | vb | to brandish | CDC | |
| brandon | n | brand, torch | CDC | |
| braser | vb | to braze | CDC | |
| embraser | vb | to set on fire | CDC | |
| embrouiller | vb | to tangle, cloud over | W7 | |
| Old Provençal: | brandar | vb | to shake, brandish | AHD |
| Old Occitan: | brasa | vb | to braise | CDC |
| Provençal: | bran | n | sword | CDC |
| brandado | n | brandade | AHD | |
| brandir | vb | to brandish | CDC | |
| brasa | n | ember, live coal | CDC | |
| embraser | vb | to set on fire | CDC | |
| Italian: | abbraciare | vb | to set on fire | CDC |
| braciola | n | braciola | AHD | |
| bragia, bra(s)cia | n | ember, live coal | CDC | |
| brandire | vb | to brandish | CDC | |
| brando | n | sword | CDC | |
| bresaola | n | bresaola | AHD | |
| imbrogliare | vb | to entangle | W7 | |
| imbroglio | n.masc | imbroglio, messiness | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | bruja | n.fem | current | GED |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Homeric Greek: | πρήθω | vb | to burn, blow into flame | CDC |
| Greek: | φρέᾱρ | n | well, reservoir | GED |
| φρέᾱτος | n | well, reservoir | GED | |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | atbiur | n | fount | GED |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | bhuráti | vb | to move rapidly | GED |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| intrans | = | intransitive |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| obs | = | obsolete |
| prop | = | proper |
| ptc | = | participle |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CGo | = | MacDonald Stearns, Jr: Crimean Gothic (1978) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| ICE | = | Richard Cleasby and Gudbrand Vigfusson: An Icelandic-English Dictionary (1874) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
