Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bherg̑h- 'to keep, hide, bury'
Semantic Field(s): to Save, Preserve, Keep Safe, to Hide, Conceal
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | beorgan | vb.str | to keep, preserve | GED |
| birgean, bir(i)gan | vb | to bury | ASD | |
| borg, borh | n.masc | bail, pledge, surety, security | ASD/MEV | |
| borgian | vb | to borrow | W7 | |
| byrgels, birgels, bergels | n.pl | burials | ASD/W7 | |
| byr(i)gan, byri(ge)an | vb | to bury | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle English: | bargain, bargyne | n | bargain | CDC |
| bargainen | vb | to bargain | W7 | |
| barga(y)n, barge(y)n | n | bargain | CDC/MEV | |
| berial, beriel | n | burial | W7 | |
| borow | n | bail, surety | MEV | |
| bor(o)wen | vb | to borrow | CDC/W7 | |
| burien | vb | to bury | W7 | |
| English: | bargain | n | agreement re: transaction | W7 |
| bargain | vb | to haggle, negotiate terms of purchase/contract/agreement | AHD/W7 | |
| borrow | vb | to receive with intention of returning same/equivalent | AHD/W7 | |
| Bucklebury | prop.n | hobbit town in Tolkien: The Lord of the Rings | LRC | |
| burial | n | tomb, grave | AHD/W7 | |
| bury | vb.trans | to place (as if) in earth/sea | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | borga | vb | to borrow | ASD |
| Old Dutch: | berghen | vb | to bury | ASD |
| Dutch: | bergen | vb | to bury | ASD |
| borgen | vb | to borrow | ASD | |
| Old Saxon: | burgisli | n | tomb | W7 |
| gi-bergan | vb.str | to keep, preserve | GED | |
| Old High German: | bergan, perkan | vb.str | to keep, preserve, shelter | ASD/GED |
| borgēn | vb | to borrow | CDC | |
| Middle High German: | bergen | vb | to save, protect, preserve | ASD |
| borgen | vb | to borrow | ASD | |
| German: | bergen | vb | to bury; salvage, recover | ASD |
| borgen | vb | to borrow | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | biarga | vb | to save, protect, preserve | ASD |
| byrgja | vb | to include | ASD | |
| Old Icelandic: | bjarga | vb.str | to keep, preserve | GED |
| Icelandic: | borga | vb | to borrow | CDC |
| Danish: | bjerge | vb | to save, protect, preserve | ASD |
| borge | vb | to borrow | ASD | |
| Swedish: | berga | vb | to save, protect, preserve | ASD |
| borga | vb | to borrow | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *bairgan | vb.str.III | to keep | GED |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle Latin: | *barcania, barcanium | n | bargain, traffic | CDC |
| Portuguese: | barganha | n | bargain | CDC |
| Old French: | bargai(g)ne | n | bargain | CDC/MEV |
| bargaignier | vb | to bargain | AHD | |
| Middle French: | bargaignier | vb | to bargain | W7 |
| Old Occitan: | barganh, barganka | n | bargain | CDC |
| Italian: | bargagna, bargagno | n | bargain | CDC |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | bìrginti | vb | to be parsimonious | GED |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | brěgǫ, brěšti | vb | to care for | GED |
| Russian: | bérežno | adj | careful | GED |
| berech | vb | to save | W7 | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| prop | = | proper |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
