Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. bheug- 'to flee, escape, seek refuge'
Semantic Field(s): to Flee
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | feverfew | n | feverfew | W7 |
| fugitive | n | fugitive | W7 | |
| refuge | n | refuge | W7 | |
| English: | apophyge | n | outward curve of column where shaft joins base/capital | AHD |
| centrifugal | adj | proceeding/acting in direction away from center/axis | AHD/W7 | |
| febrifuge | n | antipyretic | AHD/W7 | |
| feverfew | n | perennial European composite herb | AHD/W7 | |
| fugacious | adj | evanescent, lasting short time | AHD/W7 | |
| -fuge | n.pfx | something that drives away | AHD/W7 | |
| fugitive | adj | running away, intending flight | AHD/W7 | |
| fugitive | n | one who flees/runs away | LRC | |
| fugue | n | polyphonic music with themes imitated by successive voices | AHD/W7 | |
| refuge | n | shelter/protection from danger/distress | AHD/W7 | |
| refugium | n | area free of recent ecological change | AHD | |
| subterfuge | n | deception in order to evade/escape/conceal | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | biogan | vb | to bend | W7 |
| German: | Fuge | n.fem | fugue; gap | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | fuga | n.fem | flight | W7 |
| fugax, fugacis | adj | fleeing | W7 | |
| fugiō, fugere, fūgī, fugitus | vb | to flee, avoid | LRC | |
| fugitivus | n.masc | fugitive | W7 | |
| fugō, fugāre | vb | to put to flight | W7 | |
| profugus, profuga, profugum | adj | fugitive | LRC | |
| refugio, refugere | vb | to escape | W7 | |
| refugium | n.neut | refuge | W7 | |
| subterfugio, subterfugere | vb | to escape, evade | W7 | |
| suffugium, suffugii | n.neut | refuge, shelter | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | febrifuga | adj | re: reducing fever | W7 |
| febrifugia | n.fem | centaury: medicial plant | W7 | |
| -fuga | sfx | re: flight | W7 | |
| subterfugium | n.neut | trick, subterfuge | W7 | |
| New Latin: | centrifugus | adj | centrifugal, going toward center | W7 |
| febrifuga | n.fem | febrifuge | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | fugir | vb | to flee | TLL |
| Spanish: | huir | vb | to flee | TLL |
| Anglo-French: | fevrefue | n.fem | feverfew | W7 |
| Middle French: | fugitif | n.masc | fugitive | W7 |
| refuge | n.masc | refuge | W7 | |
| French: | fébrifuge | adj | against fever | W7 |
| -fuge | sfx | act of repelling | W7 | |
| fuir | vb | to flee | TLL | |
| Italian: | fuga | n.fem | fugue; flight | W7 |
| fuggire | vb | to flee | TLL | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | ἀποφῠγή | n.fem | escape, place of refuge | AHD/LS |
| φεύγω | vb | to flee, escape | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| sfx | = | suffix |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
