Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhlendh- 'dim, pale, blond, reddish'
Semantic Field(s): Yellow, Red
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Old English: | blandan, blondan, blēond, blēondon, blanden | vb.str | to blend | ASD/GED/RPN |
| blendan | vb.wk | to blind, deceive | GED/RPN | |
| blind | adj | blind | RPN | |
| blonden-feax | adj | having gray/mixed-colored hair | RPN | |
| liþblandus | adj | thick (re: soup) | W7 | |
| Middle English: | blenden | vb | to blend | W7 |
| blenden | vb | to blind | W7 | |
| blind, blynd(e) | adj | blind, deluded | CDC/MEV/W7 | |
| blind | n | blindfold | W7 | |
| blinden | vb | to (become) blind, deceive | CDC | |
| blindfelden, blin(d)fellen, blyndfellen | vb | to blindfold, strike blind | CDC/W7 | |
| blondren, blunderen | vb | to blunder | CDC | |
| blunder | n | blunder, trouble | MEV | |
| blundren | vb.wk | to blunder, confuse, stir up | GED/RPN | |
| English: | blend, blent | vb.wk | to mix | AHD/W7 |
| blende | n | sphalerite | AHD/W7 | |
| blind | adj | sightless, unable to see | AHD/W7 | |
| blind | n | shade, screen, shutter | W7 | |
| blind | vb | to make/strike blind | LRC | |
| blindfold | vb.trans | to cover eyes with scarf/bandage | AHD/W7 | |
| blond(e) | adj | flaxen/golden/pale-brown in color | IEW/W7 | |
| blunder | n | mistake, confusion | MEV | |
| blunder | vb | to make mistake, move confusedly | GED | |
| purblind | adj | wholly blind | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | blenda, blinda | vb.wk | to blind | ASD/GED |
| blenda | vb.wk | to blend | GED | |
| blind | adj | blind | GED | |
| Old Dutch: | blind | adj | blind | ASD |
| Dutch: | blind | adj | blind | ASD |
| blinden | vb | to blind | ASD | |
| blond | adj/n | blond | CDC | |
| Old Saxon: | blandan | vb.str | to blend | GED |
| blind | adj | blind | GED | |
| Middle Low German: | blenden | vb.wk | to blind | GED |
| Old High German: | blandan, blantan | vb.str | to blend | ASD/GED/RPN |
| blenten, blentjan | vb | to blind | ASD/W7 | |
| blenten | vb.wk | to blend | GED | |
| blinden | vb | to become blind | CDC | |
| blint | adj | blind | GED | |
| plenten | vb.wk | to blind | GED | |
| Middle High German: | blanden | vb | to blend | CDC |
| blenden | vb | to blind | ASD | |
| blint | adj | blind | ASD | |
| blunt | adj | blond, fair-haired | IEW | |
| German: | Blende | n.fem | blind; blende | CDC/W7 |
| blenden | vb | to blind | W7 | |
| blind | adj | blind | ASD | |
| blond | adj | blond | IEW | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | blanda, blett, blandað | vb.str | to blend | LRC |
| blindr | adj | blind | LRC | |
| Old Icelandic: | blanda | vb.str | to blend | GED |
| blinda | vb | to blind | RPN | |
| blindr | adj | blind | GED | |
| blunda | vb.wk | to sleep, close one's eyes | GED/RPN | |
| blundr | n | dozing, slumber | RPN | |
| Icelandic: | blanda | vb | to blend | CDC |
| blinda | vb | to blind | ASD | |
| blindr | adj | blind | ASD | |
| blunda | vb | to doze | CDC | |
| blunðr | n | nap, doze | CDC | |
| Danish: | blande | vb | to blend | CDC |
| blind | adj | blind | ASD | |
| blinde | vb | to blind | CDC | |
| blond | adj/n | blond | CDC | |
| blund | n | nap, doze | CDC | |
| blunde | vb | to doze, slumber | CDC | |
| for-blinde | vb | to blind | ASD | |
| Swedish: | blanda | vb.str | to blend | ASD |
| blind | adj | blind | ASD | |
| blund | n | nap, doze | CDC | |
| blunda | vb | to doze, slumber | CDC | |
| för-blinda | vb | to blind | ASD | |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *af-blindnan | vb | to become blind | GED |
| blandan | vb.str.III | to blend; associate with | GED/RPN | |
| blinds | adj | blind | RPN | |
| *ga-blindjan | vb.wk.I | to make blind | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle Latin: | blundus, blondus | adj/n | blond | CDC |
| Medieval Latin: | blundus, blondos | adj/n | blond, yellow | IEW/RPN |
| Spanish: | blondo | n/adj | blond | RPN |
| Old French: | blond(e) | n/adj | blond, light-colored | ODE |
| French: | blond(e) | adj/n | blond, fair-haired (one) | IEW/RPN |
| Old Provençal: | blon | n/adj | blond | RPN |
| Italian: | biondo | adj/n | blond, fair-haired (one) | IEW/RPN |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | blandùs | adj | cloudy, impure, unclean | GED/RPN |
| blendzas | adj | blind | CDC | |
| blendžiù, blę̃sti | vb | to become dark | RPN | |
| blę̃sti | vb | to blend food with flour | GED | |
| blę̃stis | vb | to become dark | GED/RPN | |
| Latvian: | blenst | adj | dim | CDC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | bledŭ | adj | dim, pale | CDC |
| blędą, blęsti | vb | to err | GED | |
| blędǫ, blęsti | vb | to go blindly | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| I | = | class 1 |
| III | = | class 3 |
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| MEV | = | J.R.R. Tolkien: A Middle English Vocabulary (1922) |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |