Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: bhleu- 'to bloat, swell, blow up; flow'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow, to Blow, to Flow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| English | ||||
| Middle English: | affluent | adj | affluent | W7 |
| blout | adj | bloat, soft, flabby | ODE/W7 | |
| blust(e)ren | vb | to bluster; wander about aimlessly | CDC/W7 | |
| flum | n | river | W7 | |
| flux | n | flux | W7 | |
| influence | n | influence | W7 | |
| reflux | n | reflux | W7 | |
| superfluous | adj | superfluous | W7 | |
| English: | affluent | adj | copious, flowing in abundance | AHD/W7 |
| bloat | adj | puffy, bloated | W7 | |
| bloat | n | swelling of rumen/intestinal tract | AHD | |
| bloat | vb | to swell, puff up | RPN | |
| bluster | vb | to roar, pound, thunder, be noisy | IEW | |
| confluent | adj | flowing/coming together | AHD/W7 | |
| effluent | n/adj | (something) flowing out | AHD/W7 | |
| effluvium | n | invisible emanation | AHD/W7 | |
| efflux | n | effluence | AHD/W7 | |
| fluctuate | vb | to ebb/flow in waves | AHD/W7 | |
| fluent | adj | fluid, capable of flowing | AHD/W7 | |
| fluid | adj | easily yielding to pressure | AHD/W7 | |
| flume | n | ravine/gorge with running stream | AHD/W7 | |
| fluor | n | fluorite | AHD/W7 | |
| fluoride | n | binary fluorine compound | AHD/W7 | |
| fluorine | n | pale yellow halogen gas | AHD/W7 | |
| fluorite | n | calcium fluoride (mineral) | W7 | |
| flush | n | sudden flow | AHD/W7 | |
| fluvial | adj | re: stream/river | AHD/W7 | |
| fluviomarine | adj | re: seafloor deposits near river mouth | AHD | |
| flux | n | flow of fluid from body | AHD/W7 | |
| influence | n | ethereal fluid flowing from stars, affecting actions of men | AHD/W7 | |
| influenza | n | acute contagious viral disease | AHD/W7 | |
| influx | n | inflow, flowing in | AHD/W7 | |
| mellifluous | adj | flowing/sweetened with honey | AHD/W7 | |
| phallus | n | penis | W7 | |
| phloem | n | complex tissue in higher plant vascular system | AHD/W7 | |
| phlyctena | n | small blister/vesicle | AHD | |
| reflux | n | ebb, back-flow | AHD/W7 | |
| solifluction | n | soil creep over frozen ground | AHD | |
| superfluous | adj | extra, exceeding what is needed/sufficient | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| East Frisian: | blüstern | vb | to bluster | CDC |
| Middle Low German: | blüsteren | vb | to bluster | W7 |
| Low German: | blustern, blistern | vb | to flutter about anxiously | CDC |
| German: | Phloem | n | phloem | W7 |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | blautr | adj | soft, bloat; wet, soaked | ODE |
| blotna | vb | to bloat, become soft/moist | ODE | |
| Icelandic: | blautr | adj | soft, bloat | CDC |
| Swedish: | blöt | adj | soft, bloat | CDC |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | miliþ | n.neut | honey | GED/W7 |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | affluo, affluere | vb | to flow (in)to/abundantly | W7 |
| confluo, confluere | vb | to flow together, be confluent | W7 | |
| effluo, effluere, effluxi, effluxus | vb | to flow out | W7 | |
| effluvium | n.neut | effluvium, act of flowing out | W7 | |
| flō, flāre, flāvi<>M>, flātus | vb | to blow | W7 | |
| fluctuō, fluctuāre, fluctuāvi, fluctuātus | vb | to fluctuate, float on waves, be agitated | W7 | |
| fluctus, fluctūs | n.masc | flow, wave | W7 | |
| fluidus | adj | fluid, re: liquid | W7 | |
| flūmen, flūminis | n.neut | flume, river | LRC | |
| fluō, fluere, flūxī, fluxus | vb | to flow | RPN | |
| fluvialis | adj | fluvial | W7 | |
| fluvius | n.masc | river | W7 | |
| fluxus, fluxūs | n.masc | flux, flow | W7 | |
| influo, influere, influxi, influxus | vb | to flow in | W7 | |
| phallus | n.masc | phallus | W7 | |
| superfluo, superfluere, superfluxi, superfluxus | vb | to overflow | W7 | |
| superfluus | adj | superfluous, overflowing, running over | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | influxus | n.masc | influx | W7 |
| mellifluus | adj | mellifluous, flowing with honey | W7 | |
| Medieval Latin: | influentia | n.fem | influence | W7 |
| refluxus | n.masc | reflux | W7 | |
| New Latin: | fluor | n.masc | fluor | W7 |
| Old French: | affluent | adj | affluent | AHD |
| Middle French: | affluent | adj | affluent | W7 |
| flux | n.masc | flux, flow | W7 | |
| influence | n.fem | influence | W7 | |
| French: | fluide | adj | fluid, re: liquid | W7 |
| Italian: | influènza | n.fem | power, influence | W7 |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | bljujǫ | vb | to vomit | RPN |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | φαλλός | n.masc | phallus | LS |
| φλέω | vb | to teem, abound | RPN | |
| φλοιός, φλόος | n.masc | (tree) bark | LS | |
| φλύζω | vb | to seethe, overflow, boil over | RPN | |
| φλύω | vb | to seethe, overflow, boil over | RPN | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| LS | = | Liddell and Scott: Greek-English Lexicon, 7th-9th ed's (1882-1940), rev. |
| ODE | = | C.T. Onions: The Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology (1966) |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |