Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. bhreu-s- 'to swell, sprout'
Semantic Field(s): to Grow
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | brú | n | belly | RPN |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | brēost | n.neut | breast | ASD/W7 |
| Middle English: | brest | n | breast | W7 |
| brusket | n | brisket | W7 | |
| English: | breast | n | protuberant mammalian milk-producing gland | AHD/W7 |
| breastfeed, breastfed | vb.str | to feed from breast | LRC | |
| brisket | n | (meat of) breast/lower chest of quadruped animal | AHD/W7 | |
| browse | n | tender tree/shrub shoots/twigs/leaves | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | brust | n | breast | ASD |
| Frisian: | boarst | n | breast | ASD |
| Dutch: | borst | n.fem | breast | ASD |
| Old Saxon: | breost, briost | n.neut | breast | ASD |
| brustian | vb | to sprout | W7 | |
| Old High German: | briustern | vb | to swell | RPN |
| brust | n.fem | breast | ASD/W7 | |
| Middle High German: | brust | n.fem | breast | ASD |
| German: | Brust | n.fem | breast | ASD |
| brüsten | vb | to brag, boast | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Icelandic: | brjōst | n.neut | breast | ASD |
| Danish: | bryst | n.neut | breast | ASD |
| Swedish: | bröst | n | breast | TLL |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | brusts | n.fem | breast | ASD/RPN |
| Italic | ||||
| Middle French: | brout | n.masc | sprout | W7 |
| brouts | n.masc.pl | sprouts | W7 | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Russian: | bryukho | n | belly | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| pl | = | plural (number) |
| str | = | strong (inflection) |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| RPN | = | Allan R. Bomhard: Reconstructing Proto-Nostratic (2002) |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
