Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 2. bhreu-s- 'to bruise, break to pieces'
Semantic Field(s): to Break
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | brūu | vb.1.sg | I bruise, shatter | W7 |
| Middle Breton: | brusun | n | small crumb | IEW |
| Middle Cornish: | brew | adj | broken | IEW |
| Middle Welsh: | breu | adj | weak, fragile, decrepit | IEW |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | briesan, brȳsan | vb | to bruise, break | ASD/IEW |
| brosnian | vb.wk | to rot, decay, crumble | ASD/IEW | |
| Middle English: | brisen, brusen | vb | to bruise | W7 |
| English: | bruise | vb | to crush, mangle; injure, disable | AHD/W7 |
| frustule | n | diatom's 2-valved siliceous shell | AHD/W7 | |
| frustum | n | part of cone-shaped solid incl. base | AHD/W7 | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Dutch: | bruisen | vb | to foam, roar (as the sea) | ASD |
| Old High German: | brōsma | n | scrap, crumb, morsel | IEW |
| Middle High German: | brōsme, brōsem(e) | n | scrap, crumb, morsel | IEW |
| German: | brausen | vb | to foam, ferment; roar | ASD |
| Brosam | n.masc | scrap, crumb | LRC | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Old Norse: | brūsa | vb | to boil, seethe, be agitated | ASD |
| Danish: | bruse | vb | to roar | ASD |
| Swedish: | brusa | vb | to roar | ASD |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | frustulum | n.neut | small piece | W7 |
| frustum | n.neut | part, piece | W7 | |
| New Latin: | frustum | n.neut | part of cone-shaped solid incl. base | W7 |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | = | 1st person |
| adj | = | adjective |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| sg | = | singular (number) |
| vb | = | verb |
| wk | = | weak (inflection) |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
