Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: de-, do- 'I-deictic; here'
Semantic Field(s): Word
Indo-European Reflexes:
Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Celtic | ||||
Old Irish: | di | prep | from | W7 |
English | ||||
Old English: | tō | adv/prep/pfx | apart; (in)to; as, for; quite | LRC |
Middle English: | de- | pfx | de- | W7 |
to | prep | (in)to, unto | W7 | |
too | adv | too | W7 | |
English: | de- | pfx | (do) opposite of | AHD/W7 |
debase | vb | to vitiate, reduce in state/quality | AHD/CDC | |
decalescence | n | reduced temperature increase due to phase change | AHD | |
decurrent | adj | extending downward from place of insertion | AHD/CDC | |
deflate | vb | to lose/remove air | AHD/CDC | |
deglutinate | vb | to unglue, loosen, separate | AHD/CDC | |
dement | vb | to make insane, destroy mind | AHD/CDC | |
demersal | adj | sinking in water; dwelling at/near bottom | AHD/CDC | |
descend | vb | to move to lower place | AHD/CDC | |
detente | n | easing of tensions/relations | AHD | |
deteriorate | vb | to impair, make/become inferior in quality | AHD/W7 | |
detumescence | n | diminution of swelling | AHD/CDC | |
taptoo | n | call sounded before taps: go to quarters | AHD/W7 | |
tattoo | n | call sounded before taps: go to quarters | AHD/W7 | |
to | prep | (suggesting movement) toward person/place/thing | AHD/W7 | |
too | adv | also, besides | AHD/W7 | |
unto | prep | to, until | IEW | |
West Germanic | ||||
Old Frisian: | tō | prep/adv | to, at | ASD |
Dutch: | taptoe | n | taptoo | W7 |
te | prep | to | TLL | |
tegen | prep | against | TLL | |
Old Saxon: | tō | prep/adv | to, at | ASD |
Old High German: | zuo | prep/adv | to, at | ASD/W7 |
German: | zu | prep | to, at | LRC |
North Germanic | ||||
Danish: | toe | prep/adv | to, at | ASD |
East Germanic | ||||
Gothic: | du | prep | in, to, towards, against | LRC |
Italic | ||||
Latin: | dē, dē- | prep/pfx | from, undo; about | W7 |
dēterior | adj | worse | W7 | |
dis- | pfx | not, undo | W7 | |
donec | conj | until, as long as | W7 | |
dum | conj | while | LRC | |
idem, eadem, idem | dem.pron | the same | LRC | |
inde | adv | from that | LRC | |
quidam, quaedam, quoddam | indef.pron | some, a certain | LRC | |
quidem | adv | in fact, even | LRC | |
quoniam | conj | since | LRC | |
Late Latin: | dēteriorō, dēteriorāre, dēteriorāvī, dēteriorātus | vb | to make worse, to decay | W7 |
Portuguese: | de | prep | of, by, from | TLL |
Spanish: | de | prep | of, by, from | TLL |
Old French: | de- | pfx | undo | W7 |
des- | pfx | undo | W7 | |
Middle French: | des- | pfx | not, undo | W7 |
French: | de | prep | of, from, about | TLL |
Italian: | da | prep | by, from | TLL |
di | prep | of, about | TLL | |
Baltic | ||||
Lithuanian: | kad, kadà | adv | when | LRC |
Slavic | ||||
Old Church Slavonic: | da | conj | in order to, that; may, let; and, then | LRC |
do | prep | (up) to; (with numerals) about | LRC | |
Hellenic | ||||
Greek: | δέ | pcl | and, on the other hand; indeed | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
Abbrev. | Meaning | |
---|---|---|
adj | = | adjective |
adv | = | adverb(ial) |
conj | = | conjunction |
dem | = | demonstrative |
indef | = | indefinite |
n | = | noun |
pcl | = | particle |
pfx | = | prefix |
prep | = | preposition |
pron | = | pronoun |
vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
Code | Citation | |
---|---|---|
AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |