Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: de-, do- 'I-deictic; here'
Semantic Field(s): Word
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | di | prep | from | W7 |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | tō | adv/prep/pfx | apart; (in)to; as, for; quite | LRC |
| Middle English: | de- | pfx | de- | W7 |
| to | prep | (in)to, unto | W7 | |
| too | adv | too | W7 | |
| English: | de- | pfx | (do) opposite of | AHD/W7 |
| debase | vb | to vitiate, reduce in state/quality | AHD/CDC | |
| decalescence | n | reduced temperature increase due to phase change | AHD | |
| decurrent | adj | extending downward from place of insertion | AHD/CDC | |
| deflate | vb | to lose/remove air | AHD/CDC | |
| deglutinate | vb | to unglue, loosen, separate | AHD/CDC | |
| dement | vb | to make insane, destroy mind | AHD/CDC | |
| demersal | adj | sinking in water; dwelling at/near bottom | AHD/CDC | |
| descend | vb | to move to lower place | AHD/CDC | |
| detente | n | easing of tensions/relations | AHD | |
| deteriorate | vb | to impair, make/become inferior in quality | AHD/W7 | |
| detumescence | n | diminution of swelling | AHD/CDC | |
| taptoo | n | call sounded before taps: go to quarters | AHD/W7 | |
| tattoo | n | call sounded before taps: go to quarters | AHD/W7 | |
| to | prep | (suggesting movement) toward person/place/thing | AHD/W7 | |
| too | adv | also, besides | AHD/W7 | |
| unto | prep | to, until | IEW | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old Frisian: | tō | prep/adv | to, at | ASD |
| Dutch: | taptoe | n | taptoo | W7 |
| te | prep | to | TLL | |
| tegen | prep | against | TLL | |
| Old Saxon: | tō | prep/adv | to, at | ASD |
| Old High German: | zuo | prep/adv | to, at | ASD/W7 |
| German: | zu | prep | to, at | LRC |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Danish: | toe | prep/adv | to, at | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | du | prep | in, to, towards, against | LRC |
| Italic | ||||
| Latin: | dē, dē- | prep/pfx | from, undo; about | W7 |
| dēterior | adj | worse | W7 | |
| dis- | pfx | not, undo | W7 | |
| donec | conj | until, as long as | W7 | |
| dum | conj | while | LRC | |
| idem, eadem, idem | dem.pron | the same | LRC | |
| inde | adv | from that | LRC | |
| quidam, quaedam, quoddam | indef.pron | some, a certain | LRC | |
| quidem | adv | in fact, even | LRC | |
| quoniam | conj | since | LRC | |
| Late Latin: | dēteriorō, dēteriorāre, dēteriorāvī, dēteriorātus | vb | to make worse, to decay | W7 |
| Portuguese: | de | prep | of, by, from | TLL |
| Spanish: | de | prep | of, by, from | TLL |
| Old French: | de- | pfx | undo | W7 |
| des- | pfx | undo | W7 | |
| Middle French: | des- | pfx | not, undo | W7 |
| French: | de | prep | of, from, about | TLL |
| Italian: | da | prep | by, from | TLL |
| di | prep | of, about | TLL | |
| Baltic | ||||
| Lithuanian: | kad, kadà | adv | when | LRC |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | da | conj | in order to, that; may, let; and, then | LRC |
| do | prep | (up) to; (with numerals) about | LRC | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Greek: | δέ | pcl | and, on the other hand; indeed | LRC |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| conj | = | conjunction |
| dem | = | demonstrative |
| indef | = | indefinite |
| n | = | noun |
| pcl | = | particle |
| pfx | = | prefix |
| prep | = | preposition |
| pron | = | pronoun |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
