Indo-European Lexicon
PIE Etymon and IE Reflexes
Below we display: a Proto-Indo-European (PIE) etymon adapted from Pokorny, with our own English gloss; our Semantic Field assignment(s) for the etymon, linked to information about the field(s); an optional Comment; and Reflexes (derived words) in various Indo-European languages, organized by family/group in west-to-east order where Germanic is split into West/North/East families and English, our language of primary emphasis, is artificially separated from West Germanic. IE Reflexes appear most often as single words with any optional letter(s) enclosed in parentheses; but alternative full spellings are separated by '/' and "principal parts" appear in a standard order (e.g. masculine, feminine, and neuter forms) separated by commas.
Reflexes are annotated with: Part-of-Speech and/or other Grammatical feature(s); a short Gloss which, especially for modern English reflexes, may be confined to the oldest sense; and some Source citation(s) with 'LRC' always understood as editor. Keys to PoS/Gram feature abbreviations and Source codes appear below the reflexes; at the end are links to the previous/next etyma [in Pokorny's alphabetic order] that have reflexes.
All reflex pages are currently under active construction; as time goes on, corrections may be made and/or more etyma & reflexes may be added.
Pokorny Etymon: 1. dei-, dei̯ə-, dī-, di̯ā- 'to shine, glitter; day, sun; god, deity'
Semantic Field(s): to Shine, Glisten, Day, Sun, God
Indo-European Reflexes:
| Family/Language | Reflex(es) | PoS/Gram. | Gloss | Source(s) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Celtic | ||||
| Old Irish: | dïa, dïe | n | day | GED |
| dīa | n | god | GED | |
| tre̐-denus | adv | for 3 days | GED | |
| English | ||||
| Old English: | Julius | prop.n | July, Julius | W7 |
| Tīg, Tīw | prop.n | Tiu; (name for) T-rune | GED | |
| tī(r) | n | Tyr; (name for) T-rune | GED | |
| Tīwes-dæg | prop.n | Tuesday | GED | |
| Middle English: | adieu | n | adieu | W7 |
| ajournen | vb | to adjourn | W7 | |
| deitee | n | deity | W7 | |
| dial | n | dial | W7 | |
| diurnal | adj | diurnal | W7 | |
| Dives | prop.n | Dives, rich man depicted in Luke 16:19-31 | W7 | |
| divin(e) | n/adj | divine | W7 | |
| divinen | vb | to divine | W7 | |
| journal | n | journal | W7 | |
| journey | n | journey, a day's labor | W7 | |
| journeyman | n | journeyman | W7 | |
| Julie | prop.n | July | W7 | |
| meridian | n | meridian | W7 | |
| English: | adieu | n | farewell | AHD/W7 |
| adjourn | vb | to suspend indefinitely/until stated time | AHD/W7 | |
| circadian | adj | re: circa 1-day periodicity | AHD | |
| deific | adj | deifying, making divine | AHD/CDC | |
| deify | vb.trans | to make god, treat as god | W7 | |
| deism | n | doctrine: God is distinct/separated from world | AHD/CDC | |
| deity | n | divinity, rank/essential nature of god/supreme being | AHD/W7 | |
| Deus | prop.n | God | AHD | |
| Devanagari | prop.n | script used to write Sanskrit/other Indian languages | LRC | |
| Devi | prop.n | mother goddess, consort to Shiva (Hinduism) | AHD | |
| dial | n | face of sundial | AHD/W7 | |
| Diana | prop.n | grove/fountain goddess (Roman mythology) | AHD/CDC | |
| diary | n | journal, record of events/observations kept daily/at frequent intervals | AHD/W7 | |
| diet | n | formal assembly of princes/estates | AHD/W7 | |
| Dione | prop.n | mother of Aphrodite (Greek mythology) | AHD | |
| Dis | prop.n | god of underworld (Roman mythology) | AHD | |
| diurnal | adj | recurring every day | AHD/W7 | |
| diva | n | prima donna | AHD/W7 | |
| Dives | prop.n | [incorrectly used name for] antagonist in N.T. parable of Lazarus and Dives | AHD/W7 | |
| divine | adj | re: directly from deity | AHD/W7 | |
| divine | n | clergyman | AHD/W7 | |
| divine | vb | to infer, discover intuitively | AHD/W7 | |
| joss | n | Chinese idol/cult image | AHD/W7 | |
| journal | n | record of current transactions | AHD/W7 | |
| journey | n | trip, travel/passage from place to place | AHD/W7 | |
| journeyman | n | tradesman who works day-to-day | W7 | |
| Jove | prop.n | Jupiter (Roman mythology) | LRC | |
| Julian | prop.n | male given name; calendar introduced by Julius Caesar | W7 | |
| Julius | prop.n | male given name | LRC | |
| July | prop.n | 7th month (in Gregorian calendar) | AHD/W7 | |
| meridian | n | midday, hour of noon | AHD/W7 | |
| postmeridian | adj | occurring after noon | AHD/W7 | |
| psychedelic | adj | re: hallucinatory distortion of perception | AHD | |
| Tiu | prop.n | god of war/sky (Germanic mythology) | LRC | |
| Tuesday | prop.n | lit. Tiu's day | LRC | |
| Tyr | prop.n | god of war/sky (Norse mythology) | LRC | |
| Zeus | prop.n | father of gods/men (Greek mythology) | LRC | |
| West Germanic | ||||
| Old High German: | Zios-tac | prop.n | Tuesday | GED |
| Ziu(o) | prop.n | name of a god, letter | ASD | |
| North Germanic | ||||
| Runic: | *Tiwaz | n | Tiu, Tyr; (name for) T-rune | LRC |
| Old Norse: | Teitr | prop.n.masc | Teit | LRC |
| teitr | adj | merry, cheerful, frolicsome | LRC | |
| Tȳr | prop.n | Tyr | W7 | |
| Old Icelandic: | teitr | adj | glowing, cheerful | GED |
| tȳr | n | (name for) T-rune | GED | |
| Icelandic: | Týr | prop.n | Tyr; (name for) T-rune | ASD |
| East Germanic | ||||
| Gothic: | *sin-teins | adj | daily | GED |
| tyz | n | (name for) T-rune | GED | |
| Italic | ||||
| Oscan: | Diúveí | prop.n | Jove | LRC |
| Old Latin: | Diovis, Jovis | prop.n | Jove | LRC |
| Latin: | dea, deae | n.fem | goddess | LRC |
| deus, dei | n.masc | god | LRC | |
| Deus | prop.n.masc | God | W7 | |
| diarium | n.neut | day's allowance of food/pay | W7 | |
| diēs, diēi | n.masc | day | GED | |
| diurnalis | adj | diurnal, of the day | W7 | |
| diurnus | adj | during the day | W7 | |
| dīva | n.fem | diva | W7 | |
| dīvēs | n.masc | rich man; Pluto | W7 | |
| dīvīnō, dīvīnāre | vb | to tell fortune | W7 | |
| dīvīnus | adj/n.masc | divine, of the Gods; seer, soothsayer | W7 | |
| dīvus | adj | godlike, divine | W7 | |
| Julius | prop.n.masc | Julius, Gaius Caesar (from family of Julii) | W7 | |
| Julius | prop.n.masc | July, 5th month (in Julian calendar) | W7 | |
| Juppiter, Jovis | prop.n.masc | Jupiter, lit. bright-father | W7 | |
| medius | adj | in the middle | W7 | |
| meridianus | adj | of midday, southern | W7 | |
| meridies | n.masc | noon, south | W7 | |
| nun-dinum | n | market held every 9th day | GED | |
| postmeridianus | adj | postmeridian | W7 | |
| Late Latin: | deitas, dietatis | n.fem | divine nature | W7 |
| Medieval Latin: | dieta | n.fem | day's journey, assembly | W7 |
| divinus | adj | of God | W7 | |
| Portuguese: | deus | n.masc | god | W7 |
| dia | n | day | TLL | |
| Old French: | ajourner | vb | to adjourn | AHD |
| jour | n.masc | day | W7 | |
| journee | n.fem | day | W7 | |
| Middle French: | adieu | interj | adieu, farewell | W7 |
| ajourner | vb | to adjourn | W7 | |
| deité | n.masc | deity, divinity, god | W7 | |
| divin | adj | of God | W7 | |
| diviner | vb | to guess, tell fortune | W7 | |
| journal | adj | daily | W7 | |
| méridien | adj | of noon | W7 | |
| French: | jour | n.masc | day | W7 |
| Italian: | diva | n.fem | goddess; actress, opera singer | CID/W7 |
| Baltic | ||||
| Old Prussian: | deinan | n.acc | day | GED |
| deiwas | n | god | GED | |
| Lithuanian: | dìdis, didì | adj | great | LRC |
| dienà | n.fem | day | LRC | |
| diẽvas | n.masc | god | LRC | |
| Latvian: | dìena | n.fem | day | GED |
| dievins | n.masc | god | LRC | |
| dievs | n.masc | god | LRC | |
| Slavic | ||||
| Old Church Slavonic: | dьnь | n.masc | day | LRC |
| Albanian | ||||
| Albanian: | diell | n.masc | sun | LRC |
| ditë | n | day | GED | |
| gdhin | vb | to pass a sleepless night | GED | |
| Hellenic | ||||
| Mycenaean: | δι-ωε | n | day/god | LRC |
| Homeric Greek: | δῆλος | adj | clear, evident | GED |
| Ζεῦς | prop.n.masc | Zeus, lit. day/god | LRC | |
| Attic: | δῆλος | adj | visible | GED |
| Greek: | δέατο | vb | to appear | GED |
| δῆλος | adj | clear, obvious | LRC | |
| δηλόω | vb | to reveal, be clear | LRC | |
| δῖος | adj | godlike, noble | LRC | |
| Ζεύς | prop.n.masc | Zeus | IEW | |
| Anatolian | ||||
| Luwian: | Tiwat- | prop.n | sun god | LRC |
| Hittite: | Sius | prop.n | sun god | LRC |
| Palaic: | Tiyaz | prop.n | sun god | LRC |
| Armenian | ||||
| Armenian: | tiw | n | day | LRC |
| Iranian | ||||
| Avestan: | daēva- | n | demon | LRC |
| Indic | ||||
| Sanskrit: | dínam | n | day | GED |
| dī́deti | vb | to shine | GED | |
| devanāgarī | n | Devanagari | W7 | |
| dévas | n | god | GED | |
| dyáus | n | sky, heavens | LRC | |
Key to Part-of-Speech/Grammatical feature abbreviations:
| Abbrev. | Meaning | |
|---|---|---|
| acc | = | accusative (case) |
| adj | = | adjective |
| adv | = | adverb(ial) |
| fem | = | feminine (gender) |
| interj | = | interjection |
| masc | = | masculine (gender) |
| n | = | noun |
| neut | = | neuter (gender) |
| prop | = | proper |
| trans | = | transitive |
| vb | = | verb |
Key to information Source codes (always with 'LRC' as editor):
| Code | Citation | |
|---|---|---|
| AHD | = | Calvert Watkins: The American Heritage Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, 2nd ed. (2000) |
| ASD | = | Joseph Bosworth and T. Northcote Toller: An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary (1898) |
| CDC | = | W.D. Whitney and B.E. Smith: The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia (1889-1911) |
| CID | = | Cassell's Italian Dictionary (1958) |
| GED | = | Winfred P. Lehmann: A Gothic Etymological Dictionary (1986) |
| IEW | = | Julius Pokorny: Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (1959) |
| LRC | = | Linguistics Research Center, University of Texas, Austin |
| TLL | = | Frederick Bodmer: The Loom of Language (1944) |
| W7 | = | Webster's Seventh New Collegiate Dictionary (1963) |
